Higher education in Russia: system, history, development

The Higher School of Education in Russia is a unified system that includes more than 650 universities of the state standard. About nine million people study there, among them a large number of citizens from foreign countries. Training is conducted in several areas: medical, engineering, financial, economic and humanitarian. Existing disciplines today allow you to obtain higher education in any specialty and absolutely everyone who has a certificate of completion of secondary (school) or special educational institution (PTU).

Higher School of Russia

The foundation of Russian higher education is based on the world-famous school, unique knowledge and discoveries of Russian scientists, and also on the irresistible urge of our predecessors to science.

Higher education in Russia is not an empty phrase. It is supported by the practical skills of highly qualified teachers, many of whom have a Ph.D., Doctors of Sciences, and some are proud professor. High school provides an opportunity not only to get good knowledge, skills, professional skills, but also prestigious education, since a Russian diploma is valued in many foreign countries.

Russia is a country with centuries of history, traditions, cultural heritage, incomparable nature and its riches, with its way of life, customs and national peculiarities. Receiving higher education, a person becomes imperceptible to himself as part of all this power, participates in the experience of generations, history, becoming a part of the Russian soul.

The system of higher education in Russia

Whatever one may say, the topic of higher education is inextricably linked with history. In particular, with the history of its formation. The system that has evolved to date, did not immediately appear. It was developed for centuries, it was achieved by years.

Modern higher vocational education in Russia has a multi-level system in which different degrees of preparation are allocated: the basic term of obtaining a specialty takes 5 years, after which the student is assigned the qualification "specialist". Then you can continue your education in graduate school, it takes place for three years. In addition, it is possible to obtain academic degrees "Bachelor of Science" and "Master of Science", the training period is four and two years respectively.

The situation is somewhat different if you decided to get a higher education in a medical institute. In this case, the training time depends on the chosen specialization: the diploma of a clinical psychologist, pharmacist or dentist the student receives after five years. At the rate of pediatrics, sports medicine and medicine, he needs to study for six years. Further education in a higher medical educational institution can be continued by enrolling in an internship (1 year). Depending on the specialty and wishes of the doctor, you can finish clinical residency (from 2 to 5 years). Or go to graduate school, the training period in it is three years.

The main points in the system

The academic year in Russian higher schools lasts from September 1 to June 30. It is divided into two semesters, each of which ends with a session (winter and summer). During it students pass numerous tests, exams on past disciplines. Vacations for students who receive higher education, too, is. And they begin just after the sessions. Winter lasts two to three weeks, summer - two months. The most difficult examination examinations the student takes in the last year of his studies. In the winter, he takes the state examinations, they include questions on all the subjects studied. And in the summer he defends his independent thesis work.

Training in Russian universities is carried out in Russian and is conducted in three forms of training: full-time (full-time), part-time (allows to work in parallel with studies) and evening (spent in the evening or on weekends). Recently, many non-state higher schools practice distance education, in which a person lives in a different city (often a province) and receives assignments for the house, periodically visiting the session. On the same system, classes can be carried out via Skype, if, for example, talking about learning foreign languages.

At the end of the university, the graduate receives a Russian state diploma with the qualification. And, as a rule, the document with a difference is red, in other cases - blue. It is important to know that at present our diplomas are considered valid in all countries of the world.

The rating system

Raising the topic of evaluation in Russia, it should be said that it does not differ much from the school system of assessments. The highest mark is "5" - excellent; Then comes "4" - good; "3" is satisfactory; "2" - unsatisfactory. There is a form of assessment of "credit" and "non-recognition". Upon receiving a "failure" or "failure" the student has the opportunity to retake the subject, having previously agreed with the teacher. Three procedures are given to this procedure. If during this time the student could not get a decent mark, he is threatened with expulsion from the university.

Particularly negligent students may not be admitted to the session at all. The reason is most often the absence of lectures and the absence of seminars. This problem is solved, if there is a valid reason, and by the beginning of the session the necessary minimum is delivered. In this case, the "university student" can still be admitted to the exams.

In addition to negative forms of evaluation, higher education in Russia provides for incentive certification. A student can receive a "test" or a good rating automatically ("automatic") without surrendering the subject, provided that the whole semester regularly attended all classes, performed assignments and followed all the requirements of the teacher.

How did higher education develop?

This is quite a lengthy topic. It could be separated into a separate publication or even a book, but we try to keep within the framework of one subsection of the article. The origin and development of higher education in Russia began around the XI-XII centuries and constantly depended on a number of factors. First, different areas of human activity (science, culture, navigation, trade and others) did not stand still, but developed, therefore, society already needed more qualified personnel. Secondly, the Russian environment itself required further development in terms of mastering the sciences, since there was an exchange of experience with other countries, languages were actively studied. This was particularly noticeable during the time of Peter I.

One can not ignore the fact that Russian figures, educators, mathematicians, chemists, philosophers, thinkers contributed to the development of higher education: Kovalevsky, Lomonosov, Radishchev, Lobachevsky, Pisarev, Belinsky, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Timiryazev, Pirogov, Mendeleev and many others. -a lot others. At the same time, the higher education in Russia was strongly influenced by the teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels. And Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov, for example, like no other, sought to rid the sphere of doctrine of the scholastic views imposed on it by the church, and tried to make education more secular. In addition, he drafted curricula, trying to make sure that students received not only theoretical knowledge, but also learned practical skills, participated in laboratory experiments and experiments. And in 1755 the Moscow University named after Lomonosov (Moscow State University) was opened, which was, perhaps, the most classical example of an educational institution, where even today one can get a Russian higher education in its full sense.

A bit of history ...

The development and history of higher education in Russia is also closely intertwined with events that have constantly occurred on the territory of the country and beyond. For example, after the industrial revolution in Europe, our state is also undergoing changes, in particular, the Leningrad Mining Institute is based, which became the progenitor of higher technical education in Russia. Mostly in the mountain school (so called it in those days), mathematical disciplines were taught: algebra, geometry, architecture, metallurgy, mineralogy, chemistry, physics, foreign languages. Such a variety of exact sciences helped to get a decent and versatile education. Russia, like many other countries, tried to make education accessible to the female half. Finally, this became possible after the Great October Socialist Revolution. At the same time, other goals and tasks arose before higher education. It was planned to build a completely new society through the purposeful education of youth and the introduction of radical changes in the learning process.

During the USSR, the acquisition of higher education was closely related to the plans for the development of society and all branches of the national economy. It is enough to recall the annual departures of student brigades for potatoes or mandatory active participation in the affairs of the trade union. Prior to higher schools, the main task was to improve the level of training of future specialists, as well as to attract as many people from the people as possible to obtain a quality education. In this regard, a number of measures were taken: the introduction of benefits, the provision of a free hostel, and the training itself was also not paid, and it was implemented in 70 languages. During the Soviet Union, higher education in Russia becomes available to all citizens who have a certificate of graduation.

Higher education in modern Russia

The system of higher education in Russia is developing in accordance with the needs of society, and also depending on the achievements of our scientists in the natural sciences, medicine, physics, chemistry, informatics and other fields of knowledge. From here, programs, subjects, forms and methods of teaching in higher educational institutions are immediately identified.

In recent years, the issue of the need for specialists in a wide range of topics is acute: the design engineer, the biochemist physician, the lawyer-economist, the software engineer, etc. The educational process in modern Russia combines an integrated approach to mastering knowledge, that is, lectures alternate With independent tasks, including practical ones. Such an approach in training makes it possible to activate thinking, initiative, efficiency, responsibility among students. The systematic conduct of the department of scientific research allows the student community to join the experimental work and thereby improve the level of training. To this end, in many universities of our country, experienced laboratories, computer centers, scientific institutes have been organized where current problems of modern society are being studied.

Problems of Higher Education

Of course, today's Russia can not be imagined without the pressing issues and prospects for planning in higher education. Among the most obvious difficulties, perhaps, we can mention the issue of paid education. Unfortunately, since the end of the 90s, it is possible to get education in our country with the help of money. On the one hand, this is an additional opportunity for some categories of citizens, on the other - a real panacea, giving rise to many controversial issues.

The first of them is connected with the fact that the level of education has fallen sharply, since everything is bought, starting with grades and ending with a diploma. As a consequence, the second problem arises - brutal corruption in educational structures. And in recent years it has become more serious. The problems of higher education in Russia are acute, but they are being resolved slowly. However, it is encouraging that there is at least some movement in this direction.

If we talk about the prospects for the development of higher education in our country, this process is greatly facilitated by our victories in science. The development of nano- and biotechnologies will definitely lead to the emergence of new specialties in the near future. And with it, and to new programs, methods and forms of education.