Employment of the population is ... The employment center of the population. The state policy of employment of the population

Employment of the population is not only one of the most important economic characteristics. In this category, one can judge the welfare of the people of any state. At the same time, the level of employment is estimated, which is an important macroeconomic indicator.

Definition of term

Employment of the population is a phenomenon of a social and economic plan. It is a socially useful activity of the population, the purpose of which is to meet public and personal needs, as well as to earn money (income). This definition is provided by the Law "On employment of the population in the Russian Federation". This most important document was adopted on April 19, 1991 under No. 1032-1.

Employment of the population is also an economic category. It is a set of relations that relate to the labor activity of citizens. This economic category expresses the degree of inclusion of the country's population in socially useful activities. It also indicates the extent of the need of enterprises for employees, the availability of vacancies necessary to generate income. All these positions make it possible to consider the employment of the population as one of the most important characteristics of the labor market.

Some authors give another definition of this term. In their opinion, employment of the population is the main parameter necessary for the functioning of the labor market. Moreover, it is a certain type of relationship between people of an economic and legal nature. And this is not surprising, because a person acquires a workplace, including in this or that cooperation of labor. And until the employee remains in the chosen subsystem of the economic sector of the economy, these relations continue to take place.

Employee categories

The Law "On employment of the population in the Russian Federation" provides an explanation of which of the citizens of the country can be considered included in socially useful activities.

These are people:
- working under employment contracts, as well as having a different service or job, for which they receive remuneration;
- having registration as an individual entrepreneur;
- engaged in subsidiary crafts and selling products under concluded contracts;
- elected, approved or appointed to paid positions;
- performing various types of work under contracts of a civil law nature or copyright;
- members of the artels (production cooperatives);
- being in the service of military, civilian alternative, in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
- students in the full-time departments of educational institutions;
- temporarily absent from their workplace due to illness, leave, conscription, etc.;
- being participants (founders) of organizations and possessing property rights in respect of the latter.

Requirements of market economy

Since the nineties of the last century, Russia has abandoned the administrative-command economy. Its economy began to shift to market lines, which required various reforms. The sphere of employment has not passed this. Numerous changes have also been made in it. The development of innovations was based on the experience already gained by developed countries. The result of the work done was the legislative act "On employment of the population of the Russian Federation", which reflected the basic principles of the state on this issue. The first of these is enshrined in the Russian Constitution. It refers to the voluntariness of labor and the right of citizens to freely dispose of their abilities for creative and productive work.

The second of the principles outlined in the law concerns the responsibility of the state for creating the necessary conditions for employment and free choice of citizens by the workplace. The country is also responsible for ensuring and taking into account the long-term interests of the nation. This is the third principle of employment of the population. The authorities at all levels should make efforts to put in place mechanisms of state regulation, and also not to impede market self-regulation of this sphere. At the same time, the financial capacity of non-budgetary funds, the budget, public associations, enterprises and citizens themselves should be used in order to achieve social and economic efficiency of the government's programs. This is the fourth principle of state policy in the field of employment.

Methods and methods of employment

In any state, the employment policy of the population is determined, first of all, by the tasks and goals set by society. At the same time, each country can use its own ways of solving problems in this area. So, the American model is singled out. It involves the creation of a large number of jobs where people do not need high productivity, and the revenues they receive are at a low level. Such a labor market suits a significant part of economically active citizens. Formally, unemployment is at a low level. However, the number of people with small incomes significantly increases.

When applying the Scandinavian model, almost all the able-bodied population will have jobs with satisfactory payment conditions. This is possible when creating a large number of vacancies in the public sector of the economy. However, the implementation of this policy is fraught with the emergence of inflationary pressure and the depletion of the treasury.

When creating a European model, the number of employed people decreases with the growth of labor productivity and incomes of workers. The conduct of such a policy should be supported by an expensive system of benefits for the ever-increasing number of unemployed.

Types of employment policies

In the sphere of employment of its citizens, the state can conduct both active and passive activities. The first of them involves the adoption of a number of measures aimed at promoting employment of the population. The active policy includes measures aimed at preventing workers' dismissals and preserving jobs, improving the skills of the population and training them, organizing various public works, supporting private entrepreneurship, etc. All this contributes to reducing unemployment in the country.

When passive policies are implemented, the state does not take measures to promote employment. It only tracks the negative consequences that occur with a high level of unemployment. At the same time, the state pays benefits to unemployed citizens and provides services for the selection of a workplace. For this purpose, the country's employment service is organized. In addition, when carrying out passive policies, the state prepares early retirement. It also provides material or non-monetary support to the unemployed.

Developed countries that have a socially oriented market economy, as a rule, conduct an active policy in the field of employment of citizens. Thus the state aspires to that:
- The work was for everyone who seeks it;
- labor activity was at the most effective level;
- there was freedom to choose a workplace.

Achievement of the set goals

In order to identify effective measures in the implementation of the policy on employment of citizens, it is necessary to take into account the level and stage of the economic development of the entire country. An important factor in solving the problems of employment will be the merging of this direction with the solution of various economic and social problems.

How should the level characterizing the employment of the population rise? Work to improve this indicator is carried out using methods that are consistent with practice and national conditions.

Pre-designed methods must be constantly coordinated within the framework of social and economic policies. At the same time, all decisions in the sphere of employment require active action not only on the part of the state. Steps in this direction are needed from employers, as well as from hired workers.

Employment Promotion Bodies

In 1991, the Federal Service for the Employment of Population was established in the Russian Federation. To date, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia is engaged in comprehensive regulation of the employment of citizens of the country. It was created in 1996, while abolishing three social departments:

- Ministry of Soc. Protection of the population.
- Ministry of Labor.
- Federal Employment Service.

At the same time, the newly formed department became responsible for the development of the state employment policy. In addition, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development administers the whole system of employment services through regional offices.

The main function of this governing body is the development and further financing of programs in the field of employment, standards and performance of tasks in close interaction with regional offices. Such activities are aimed at protecting the population from unemployment.

Regional services are directly subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development. They direct the work of the bodies of this department, located directly on the ground. At the same time, the responsibilities of the regional services include:
- planning;
- Instruction;
- financing;
- exercising control.

Local employment services, which are managed by regional bodies of this sphere, conduct direct work with the population. This is their daily activity.

Tasks of SZN

Citizens who want to find a suitable job for themselves should apply to the Employment Center of their city or township. This is a structural unit of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, will provide advice and inform about available vacancies. In addition, the Employment Center will provide a number of other services. Among them:

- payment of cash benefits for unemployment;
- providing material and psychological assistance to the unemployed, as well as to family members who are dependent on them.

SZN solve four main tasks. It:
- social protection of unemployed citizens;
- training in professional skills;
- Facilitation of employment;
- Providing information on the availability of vacancies.

Directions of SZN

The state of any country organizes and regulates the employment of its citizens. The Russian Federal Employment Service carries out activities aimed at:

- compilation of development forecasts and analysis of the level of employment;
- development and further implementation of targeted programs at the federal and territorial levels, the purpose of which is to promote employment of those citizens who are at risk of being laid off and have difficulty finding work;
- organization of vocational guidance, training and retraining of unemployed citizens.

This work is organized and conducted under the direct supervision of the relevant federal body, which is the Department of Employment. He, within the limits of his powers, creates and oversees territorial services.

The Department of Employment is called upon:
- analyze the situation in the territorial labor markets and develop various measures aimed at preventing or reducing the negative consequences of mass dismissal of workers;
- organize the work on registration of the unemployed and assist them in further employment;
- appoint and pay unemployment benefits to registered citizens;
- provide citizens with state guarantees;
- to organize the work of any territorial body included in this system, such as the city employment office and the district department of the ZN;
- conclude agreements with educational institutions for the vocational training of the unemployed;
- to promote the development of small business.

Improvement of work with the population

The territorial bodies of the employment service work in accordance with the Federal Program, which provides assistance in the employment of citizens. Their main task at the same time is mitigation of social tension in the regions of the Russian Federation. This goal is achieved with the development of a flexible labor market, bringing vacancies and unearned workers into balance, increasing employment, etc. At the same time, there is a constant improvement of methods and forms of work with the population.

For example, the employment of the population of Moscow and some other cities is trying to channel into the channel of activating an independent search for work by citizens who have applied to the Centers of SZN. For this purpose, the employees of this service implement group consultations in practice.

In addition, the employment of citizens is facilitated by the conducted "Job fairs", "Banks client summaries", "Clubs looking for work" and many other programs.