Dirt road. Roads of Russia

The degree of development of the road network depends on many government factors, such as the prosperity of the country, its defense capacity and much more. Unfortunately, the Russian highways are simply unpredictable, you should leave the road and go to the remote area, as one can face such a phenomenon as a dirt road.

Between many settlements such tracts seem to exist, but it is practically impossible to use them. On such primers sometimes there are large pits, huge potholes, continuous irregularities, and also a lot of dust flying from under the wheels of the car in all directions. Although road repairs in Russia are carried out every year, it is impossible to fully confront the destructive factor that destroys the road surface. Therefore, it is better for Russian citizens to know in advance what they can face on the Russian highways.

History of road infrastructure

In the ninth century, when the ancient Russian state was born, rivers acted as roads, so most of the settlements were built on their shores. During the summer time they sailed on water, and in winter traveled on sleigh.

Then, when in the fifteenth century the founding of a single centralized state began, his authority began to think about the creation of a Yamskaya post. Thus, the roads of Russia began to be formed, and for their state there was to be an official specially appointed for this purpose.

During the reign of Catherine II road business began to attach a particularly important state significance. By her order, the old roads were brought to an excellent condition, and in every district a special team was assembled, whose tasks included monitoring the safety of the road traffic.

In the nineteenth century, the development of rail transport began, so the road and ground tracts became less significant for the state. But in the twentieth century, thanks to the rapid development of industry and the emergence of the first cars, the attitude of the authorities to the road network has changed significantly. Since there was no adequate financing, the quality of the roads of Russia continued to remain in a deplorable state.

A large program for the renewal and construction of motorways was scheduled for the forties of the 20th century, but such a grandiose plans prevented the Second World War. After the fighting, it was discovered that more than ninety thousand kilometers of road infrastructure had been destroyed, so the question was how to restore the old roads, rather than build new ones.

Then the construction continued at intensive rates in the seventies, but, unfortunately, many more district centers were not connected to the regional cities with a solid surface.

At the present time, although the condition of the roads is much better, still, according to experts, the total length of the road network does not reach the level of 1.5 million kilometers that could meet the social and economic needs of the state.

Classification and categories

Roadways in Russia, as in principle, and in another state, differ from each other in the quality of the road surface and the length, so the following road classes are distinguished:

• Motorway (belongs to the first category, has four lanes, the maximum speed of the car is 130-150 km / h);

• The usual route (there are different categories and different number of lanes, the maximum traffic of the car on the road section is not more than 100 km / h);

• highway.

In atlases and maps, this classification is almost impossible to meet, so it is better to know the marking consisting of letters and numbers. The letter designation makes it clear with what road the driver is dealing with:

• E - these route routes are an integral part of the general road traffic of Europe, coinciding with some sections of federal highways.

• AN - this means that this highway belongs to the Asian roads.

• M are federal road arteries connecting large regional centers and cities among themselves.

• Р - automobile highways, which connect the settlements of administrative importance with each other.

• And - these are the carriageways of regional importance, which do not have their own direct routes to the capital of the Russian Federation.

• K - the rest of the motorways, mostly a country road or a primer.

• H - local or intermunicipal road traffic.

Of course, it is most convenient to build your route along highways of the highest category, although sometimes it turns out to be longer, but it is safer and more comfortable.

What is a dirt path?

These are such traveling parts, consisting exclusively of natural and natural material: sand, clay, rocky soil, turf and many other such soils. The dirt road in its qualities and properties belongs to the fifth category and does not have a hard coating.

During rainy weather and melting snow, such tracts are completely unsuitable for use and a car can not be guaranteed to pass through them. It is safer to use them at the first frosts, when there are no snowfalls yet or in the dry season.

The dirt road is of the following types:

• Improved (marked on the map by two parallel lines of yellow color);

• Field and forest (in the atlas has the appearance of a broken line);

• Country road (the map shows solid stripes).

Construction of primer

This type of road can be done with your own hands, for example, when you need to facilitate your journey to the dacha or in some other rural area. The construction of roads from natural soil is represented in the following ways:

1. Sprinkle the road gauge with coal slag, the layer of which will be about 5-10 cm. In this case, the tract dries quickly, and puddles are practically not formed. After three years of operation, repeat this procedure.

2. Using brick with asphalt crumb. Such a dirt road is able to withstand even the spring melting of snows and can last more than four years.

3. Laying tractor crumb from the asphalt to a dornite fabric, whose density is 150 g / m ² . This method is the fastest and the best.

The construction of roads of this type is not too expensive, but requires constant maintenance of the coating in proper condition.

Repair work on soil canvases

In the process of operation under the influence of the wheels of various vehicles, weather conditions, due to the precipitation of a large amount of precipitation, unstable temperature and other various factors, all motorways without exception wear out and come into disrepair. Therefore, the ground covering of roads requires systematic restoration and maintenance. This can also be done in several ways.

Overhaul of roads implies under itself that some of their larger areas will be covered anew, and in some cases completely the entire canvas.

At the current annual reconstruction, graders are mainly used, cutting natural material along the roadside and moving it to the roadway.

Improved primer

For better stability of the roadway on the tracts of roads, a lightweight roadway is created. First, to do this, clean this section of the road from dust and dirt, and then cover with mixed soil, gravel material and astringents with various additives.

Such improved dirt roadways are more resistant to various damage factors, with a minimum of means used for their construction.

Complex areas

Russian motorists have identified several major surprises waiting for them on dirt roads.

The first of these is spring off-road. In this case, the ground coat resembles some swamp. Dirt can completely clog the protectors, thus making the tires smooth and completely defenseless. To avoid such trouble, you need to move strictly on the rolled track and try to make the vehicle as light as possible.

The second surprise is unpredictable sand. In the event that it is dry, the machine can, under its weight, dig deeper and deeper into it. If the sand coating is wet, then it can be quickly overcome, but you need to do it in a careful way, so as not to dive into the viscous dunes.

It would seem that small puddles on the roads can not be a particular obstacle, but still they sometimes hide a lot of reefs. If there is no way around them, then it's better to stop and get out of the car in order to explore the depth with a stick.

Country road

This is a small road between settlements, also covered with natural soil. It is suitable for the movement of wheeled vehicles, but since this road does not have a hard surface, under unfavorable weather conditions it is completely unsuitable for travel.

Such a roadway is the most unacceptable for the use of passenger cars on it - in order to pass through it, especially in early spring, avid car enthusiasts recommend putting special chains on the tires of the car.

Quality of the road surface of the Russian Federation

In 2012, the experts of the Davos Forum made an annual report and for this they appreciated the roads of Russia and other countries. In their system, a seven-point scale was used, where 1 is the worst state, and 7 is excellent. Russia received in this study its legitimate three points. Such a low figure was obtained by Russian roads because of their satisfactory quality and at the same time, some ground tracts can not be used in autumn or spring. Therefore, as a matter of fact, such estimates are not surprising.

Why are low-quality roads in Russia?

It is generally believed that the state's road network looks like this because there is a bad climate and outdated standards and technologies in the country. In some cases, for the construction unfavorable developed terrain, so even repairing the road in such conditions will be difficult.

In such regions of Russia as Karelia and the regions of the Far North, the construction process is complicated by a low temperature, so it requires a large amount of energy, which in turn leads to a rise in the cost of the road. As a result, it turns out that a large sum does not go to laying the road surface, but to combat adverse natural conditions.

What is the cost of road maintenance?

In the budget of 2016 was laid 554 billion rubles, of which 130 will go for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of regional roads, and 65 - for the construction of the Kerch bridge. The remaining billions will go to maintenance and repair of federal highways. According to the latest calculations, the reconstruction of one kilometer of the roadway costs on average 28 million rubles, and construction - 133 million rubles. This will reduce the number of traffic jams in these directions.

Government Plans

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation announced that in the next five years it plans to replace all dirt roads with concrete. Such construction provides for financing of 1.8 trillion rubles. Also within the framework of such a program, thirty-five bridges and overpasses must be replaced or reconstructed.

In the event that the declared plans are fulfilled, according to experts' forecasts, this will reduce the number of accidents and increase the carrying capacity of highways. And in addition, it will solve one of the main problems of motorists.