Classification of fixed assets of the enterprise. The concept, essence and classification of fixed assets

Fixed assets are one of the most important elements of production. They are a collection of values that have a material-material expression and are used as a means of labor for a long time or several times. At the same time, their natural form does not change, and the cost is transferred to the products and services created. Classification of fixed assets is made on several grounds. Therefore, their composition is quite diverse.

Disclosure of the concept

The concept of fixed assets is one of the most important in accounting. This category includes objects that meet the following characteristics:

• Use in the process of creating products, providing services, performing work, as well as for needs related to enterprise management.
• Service life is not less than one year.
• The company has no plans to resell the facility.
• The ability of an object to bring an enterprise income in the future.
• The cost is above a certain value. Since 2006, objects are included worth more than 40,000 rubles per unit.

The concept and classification of fixed assets, as well as their characteristics are set out in the Accounting Regulations approved by the RF Ministry of Finance. It is called "Accounting for fixed assets" and is denoted by the abbreviation with the number - PBU 6/01.

The totality of all fixed assets on the balance sheet of an enterprise forms its production and technical base and determines its production capacity.

Movement of objects

The fixed assets have a long service life, during which they are in constant motion. Their life cycle begins with admission to the enterprise. Then, during operation, they gradually wear out, undergo repairs, and move within the organization. As a result, fixed assets are dropped from the enterprise due to dilapidation or lack of expediency of further application.

Increasing the efficiency of their use is achieved by increasing the time and shift work, reducing downtime, increasing productivity and output.

Types of objects in the production process

There is a classification of fixed assets by their participation in the production process. On this basis two types of described objects are distinguished:

• Production;
• Non-productive.

The first type operates in the sphere of material production. Such objects participate in the production process more than once. They gradually wear out. Their cost is transferred to the manufactured product. This happens in parts as you use it.

The second type does not participate in the production process. The cost of basic non-productive funds disappears in consumption. These include buildings intended for housing or having a cultural and household purpose and are listed on the balance sheet of the organization. They do not directly affect the volume of production, but indirectly affect the results of operations. They are associated with improving the welfare of employees and raising their standard of living. In the end, this will have a positive impact on the performance of the organization.

Role

The essence and classification of fixed assets determine their role in the labor process. They characterize the capacity of the enterprise to produce products. They also show the level and scope of technical armament of labor. The increase in fixed assets will increase these indicators. Their updating and improvement are the most important condition for the production of high-quality products with reduced labor costs, increased labor productivity and a reduction in the cost of production.

The enterprises carry out regular statistical reporting, showing the presence and movement of objects, their revaluation. Selective surveys are conducted.

Directory

Classification of basic production assets is based on their types and purposes. For this purpose, a special directory has been developed. It is called the All-Russian Classification of Fixed Assets (OKOF). It is included in the Unified System for Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESCC).

In its development, international and Russian normative documents, standards and regulations on accounting and reporting have been taken into account.

Classification of fixed assets is carried out at all enterprises and institutions in accordance with the OKOF. This guide contains information that helps in solving important problems. The composition and classification of fixed assets, their status, capital intensity, fund-raising ratio, return on assets, recommended standards for capital repairs are only a part of the indicators identified with the help of OKOF.

Material objects

Funds are divided into two types: tangible and intangible. It depends on their purpose and use in the activities of the organization.

Thus, the classification of fixed assets to the material category includes the following objects:

1) Non-residential buildings. These are objects, the purpose of which is to create conditions for labor, storage of material values. This also includes buildings of socio-cultural importance. For example, buildings of factories, warehouses, pumping stations, laboratories.

2) Residential buildings. It is important to understand that this group includes objects that are not intended exclusively for temporary residence.

3) Facilities. To this group, the classification of fixed assets of the enterprise includes engineering and construction facilities that ensure the implementation of the production process. In this case, they are understood as separate structures, including devices that make up one with it. For example: bridges, oil wells, main pipelines.

4) Machinery and equipment. This group includes devices designed to convert information, energy, materials. The classification of fixed assets of the enterprise divides this item into subgroups:

• Power Machines and Equipment. This includes objects that produce or convert energy.
• Working machines and equipment. This includes all the technological equipment.
• Information equipment - computer equipment, means of information storage, office equipment, equipment of communication systems.

5) Transport intended for the movement of goods and people: wagons, locomotives, ships, icebreakers, buses, trailers, airplanes.

6) Production and household equipment. The first type includes containers used for storing liquids, packagings for bulk materials, as well as furniture designed to facilitate manufacturing operations. The second type includes objects that are not used in the production process. For example, fireproof items, watches.

7) Productive, breeding, working cattle. This includes animals that are used several times or are constantly used to obtain any products. For example, cows, camels, sheep. Also in this group are animal producers. This does not include young animals and cattle for slaughter.

8) Perennial plantations. This category includes various green plantations. For example, park trees, vegetation, forming alleys.

Intangible assets

Classification of fixed assets to intangible assets includes objects of intellectual property, software for computers, high-tech industrial technologies, databases, expenses for exploration of minerals. That is, in this category are objects that do not have a physical form.

Exceptions

The classification and structure of fixed assets exclude from their composition the following:

• All items that have a service life of less than one year.
• Items worth less than 40,000 rubles per unit. In this paragraph, it is worth making a reservation. Agricultural machines, construction mechanized tools, productive and working cattle are the main funds, even if their value is less than the specified amount.
• Temporary constructions, devices, devices. The costs of their construction are included in the overhead costs and are included in the cost of construction and installation work.
• Machines and equipment that are listed as finished goods in warehouses, located on the road or commissioned.

Types of objects by role in economic activity

The classification of fixed production assets distinguishes between them two parts, depending on their role in the economic activities of the enterprise. Thus, working machines and equipment, technical structures, measuring instruments and devices are directly involved in the production process. They form the active part. Buildings and inventory have an indirect effect on the production of products. They are a passive part.

The share of the active part shows the degree of technical excellence, production capacity, the capabilities of the enterprise. The specific weight of each part can be distinguished from the structure of fixed assets.

Production structure

The share of each group of objects in their total value characterizes the production structure. On how much the active part prevails over the passive part, the amount of output per 1 ruble of fixed assets depends.

This indicator is the highest in enterprises with good technical equipment. The production structure of fixed assets is not the same even at the enterprises of one branch.

In engineering, the active part, as a rule, is less than 50%. The specific weight is dominated by the passive part. For example, buildings.

In the oil industry, on the contrary, the active part prevails. Most of the production process in this industry takes place in open areas. The main production process occurs with the help of wells, pipelines. That is, the share of the active part of fixed assets prevails over the passive.

For objects, the age structure is also characteristic. According to it, fixed assets are allocated to age groups at intervals of five years. An important task is to prevent excessive aging of objects.

Types of objects by degree of use

Classification and structure of fixed assets by such indicator as the degree of use is as follows:

• Objects in operation. This includes all the fixed assets that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise.
• The objects in the reserve are fixed assets that are temporarily withdrawn from service.
• Objects under reconstruction, partial liquidation.
• Objects on conservation.

Types of objects by ownership

By ownership, the fixed assets are classified as follows:

• Owned by the enterprise;
• Being in operational management and economic management;
• Leased without the right of redemption.