Borrowed words. Lexical borrowings

Such a phenomenon as borrowed words, that is, words that have passed from one language to another and adapted to its phonetic and grammatical laws - the process is quite natural.

There are languages in which there are a lot of borrowing. These include, for example, Korean, there are a lot of Chinese words in it. In turn, the Chinese, Hungarian languages seek by their means to form new words and concepts. But there is no language in which borrowed words did not exist at all, since it is impossible to isolate one country from another artificially, interrupting social and political ties, cultural communication, and trade and economic cooperation.

In an era when the "Iron Curtain" separated two different socio-political systems, borrowed words in English appeared from the Russian in connection with the study of outer space. After the launch of an artificial earth satellite, every European understood the Russian word "satellite". And in the period of Mikhail Gorbachev's activity, it was not necessary to translate the word perestroika as a reconstruction - it was clear in its original sound.

Let us dwell on lexical borrowings. They penetrate the language in two main ways: oral and book.

Borrowed words of German origin: shumovka (shaumloffel), jack (daumkraft), clamp-bolts (shraubtswinge) and many others appeared in Russian along with the appearance of the first German settlements. There was a dialogue of two peoples, and the words were transmitted "from mouth to mouth". And the reproduction was not always accurate, and the sound of the word changed. So in the Russian vocabulary there were foreign words penetrated by the oral way.

Sometimes borrowings are "double", that is, in the form of synonyms. The word "tomato" in Russian came from Latin America. In Italian, this vegetable garden is called pomodoro, which means "golden apple". Both borrowed words are used in Russian as synonyms.

Many borrowed words that have entered into one or another language in the book way, are ethnically Greek or Latin. Using the words "progress", "gymnasium", "constitution", "democracy", we no longer think about their origin. No wonder there is such a linguistic joke: "You speak Greek, you just do not know that!"

Another way of borrowing foreign words is tracing paper. Unlike the previous direct method of borrowing, this refers to the mediated and represents an exact copy of the foreign word for morphemes (that is, significant parts). For example: skyscraper (English) - a skyscraper (sky - "sky" + scrape - "scrape"), polysemy - tracing from Greek - polysemy (poly - "many" + sema - "meaning").

Such a linguistic term as a case is a Latin translation. But unlike the previously mentioned derivational cripples, this tracing semantic, that is, associated with the meaning of the word. Kasus (Latin case) - is derived from the verb cadent - to fall). Ancient specialists in grammar defined a case-by-case change in the form of the word as a "falling away" from the basic.

If the 20th century is the century of space exploration, then the 21st century is the era of mastering the virtual space. An amazing leap in the development of computer technology has contributed to the appearance in all languages of the world English-language words.

Words borrowed from the English language undergo a process of unique adaptation to the Russian language. Preserving the semantics, they are modified phonetically and grammatically.

If you take the word "microsoft", then it is direct borrowing. And the word "melkosoft" is an incomplete ironic tracing paper.

Verbs "use", "chat" (chat-chat), "click" (click-click) take the form of the Russian infinitive. It is appropriate to talk about the appearance of slang. But this is another linguistic phenomenon.

It should be noted that there is a difference between foreign words and borrowing. For example, in modern Romanian there is the word "securitate" - security, but despite this, in everyday life English security is used without grammatical changes. In fact, a foreign word is inserted into speech, which is not borrowed.