Education, History
Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich. Andropov's policy. Andropov - biography. Secretary General of the USSR
By that time he was a dock in the system of power in the state. He was an age-old politician: at the age of 69 he received higher official authority. For comparison, JV Stalin was 42 years old, NS Khrushchev 59, and Leonid Brezhnev 57. As we can see, all the previous general secretaries of the USSR took power in their hands, being much younger. What does this mean? Perhaps, that this man went too long to his goal. Therefore, when the time came, he took power simply as an apple is taken. Indeed, the fact of his dominant influence on the highest state and party structures was not disputed by anyone. Unlike previous leaders, no one Andropov did not put forward, he did it himself.
Real biography of childhood and youth
It is hard to write about the life of a person who has two biographies - official and real. In the life of Yuri Vladimirovich, the number 15 is mystically repeated: in the date of birth - June 15, 1915; In the invented date of birth - June 15, 1914; For 15 years he led the KGB, creating 15 departments there and finally - 15 months of rule by the country. It is obvious that all the secretaries of the USSR have their secrets, however, according to historians, Yuri Andropov has more of them than the rest. Therefore, we will arm ourselves with research (S. Chertoprud, "Yu. Andropov: secrets of the chairman of the KGB") and try to understand something from the life of a man whom (for his eyes, of course) his colleagues in the KGB called "chairman" and "jeweler".
Let's start with a real biography. The first Jewish origin of the secretary general was "unearthed" by journalist Mark Steinberg. The biological father was called Velv Lieberman, and the name of the mother was Genia Fleckenstein. The future politician was born in a four-story Moscow mansion, and today he is rising under No. 26 on the street. The Great Lubyanka. Grandfather, engaged in jewelry business, was called Karl Franzevich Fleckenstein. In his house and was born Grigory Valvovich Lieberman (later - Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich). Before 1913, Mama taught music at the elite Mizbakh gymnasium for women. Then, in 1917, the mother and son suddenly find themselves in a new place - the station Nagutskaya Stavropol Territory. What is the reason for this? Jewish pogroms in the capital. In 1915, the pogrom, started by the workers of the factories of Tsindelya and Shrader, took the life of his grandfather.
And the mother (the son is still a little boy) upon arrival at a new place of residence completely changes her biography. Here she marries Vladimir Andropov, a railway worker. The husband dies in two years, becoming ill with typhus. In the same year Yevgenia Andropova marries another railroader - Viktor Aleksandrovich Fedorov.
At the end of the seven-year plan of the future, the politician was called by the surnames of his stepfathers Grigory Vladimirovich Andropov-Fedorov. As the name of Gregory turned into Yuri, and the second component of the surname has disappeared, remains a mystery.
Legend
18-year-old newsmaker from Mozdok Yuri Andropov writes his biography-legend of the Stavropol proletariat for admission to the Rybinsk river technical school. By that time, his mother had died (or maybe not, because in different documents, Yuri leaves contradictory dates: 1929, 1930, 1931). He adapts the biographical data to the "proletarian environment", leaving nothing of his "bourgeois roots". In his presentation, he was born on 15.06.1914 in the Stavropol Territory, his mother was a foundling, brought up in the family of a watchmaker (changed his grandfather's profession), and his father - Andropov Vladimir (Again, the problem, my mother could not simultaneously teach music in 1914-1916 Years in Moscow, and give birth and raise a son in the Stavropol region).
Study in a technical school
Having graduated from the technical school in 1936, he remains in it to work as the liberated secretary of the Komsomol. The desire to swim by the sailor was absent. Let us note that the secondary specialized education was in fact the only one of the future party functionary. The episode of training at Petrozavodsk University can not be called a serious study. The highest party school, which was terminated as party functionaries, all the secretaries of the USSR, gave only a "crust." In addition, this school ended traditionally in absentia and without exams.
The young man further built his career as a Komsomol leader. Soon, in 1937, he was transferred to the Rybinsk Shipyard by a Komsomol, then to the Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the Komsomol.
Party and Komsomol work
However, against this background, a wave of political purges was conducted in all layers of Soviet society: from peasants to partnomenclature. Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich with great passion took up the "new business", the trend of time and succeeded in it. According to the testimony of the writer Sergei Viktorovich Chertoprud, who worked with archival documents, the young man soon "managed to find out" that all the members of the regional committee's bureau (with the exception of the first secretary) are enemies. They were imprisoned. Why do you think? However, the first secretary "got" even steeper - he was shot.
How did the career of the Yuri Komsomol member develop at this time? How to leaven:
- 05.1937 - candidate of the CPSU (b);
- 09.1937 - Head of the Department. Department of Pioneer and Student Youth of the Rybinsk City Committee of the Komsomol;
- 10.1937 - transferred to the Yaroslavl Regional Committee;
- 11.1937 - acting. IIIrd Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee;
- 12.1938 - First Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee; Note that the appointment of a person who does not have party experience (obviously, other merits were assumed);
- 02.1939 - admitted to the party.
First marriage
"Burning down" at the Komsomol work, Yuri Andropov marries a graduate of the Rybinsk Technical School Engalyacheva Nina Ivanovna. She is from a wealthy family of employees, her father is the director of the branch of the state bank. The young couple has two children: in 1937 the daughter of Valeria, and in 1939 - the son of Volodya. His wife is studying in Leningrad for an investigator and refuses to go with her husband to Karelia, where he is sent to the Komsomol work. The family disintegrates.
The Karelian stage
A young energetic worker in 1940 was sent to the Karelian-Finnish SSR formed in the same year as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. In the same 1940 he divorced Engalycheva and married Tatyana Filippovna Lebedeva. He loved this woman.
According to the official version, Yuri Andropov led the partisans of Karelia, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1944 . Whether this fact is true is unknown, because we are dealing with a talented mystifier.
Therefore we will trust documents. Moreover, there is a clue: neither the medal "For Victory in the Second World War" nor the medal "For the Liberation of Karelia", the prize lists for which were direct commanders at the front, Yuri Vladimirovich did not have.
It is no secret that in Karelia with Andropov, the 1st secretary of the Karelian Komsomol, the first secretary of the Karelian regional committee of the party G.N. Kupriyanov did not agree. In his memoirs, he accuses Yuri Vladimirovich of cowardice, "squint". From his words, the Komsomol leader skillfully sent and recruited people to the guerrillas, but he himself was panically afraid of hostilities (IA Minutko "Yuri Andropov ..."). This is such a "heroism".
In addition, later managed to undermine both Kupriyanov himself and a number of underground workers who honestly worked behind the enemy lines, the vindictive "Komsomolets" Andropov. Biography of a man who worked for 10 years as a deputy of Leningrad Kupriyanov and accused his boss of a non-existent crime was marked by another jump in the service. He felt the pride of his senses: Malenkov and Beria were just removing managers who could compete with them for the power struggle in the Leningrad region.
Should I mention that Yuri Vladimirovich took the post of arrested I secretary of the regional committee? Gennady Kupriyanov served 10 years, and then, after coming out, he turned to NS Khrushchev and to Leonid Brezhnev, testifying about the role of Andropov in his destiny. He was reinstated in the general's rank, but Andropov was not touched.
Diplomatic work
The death of Stalin and Beria, his patrons, probably seemed to him the end of the world and force majeure, did not expect such events Andropov. His biography was not impeccable, the threat of trials for his Karelian and Yaroslavl cases loomed over the functionary. However, help all the same came - in the person of Otto Kuusinen, chairman of the Communist Party of the Karelian-Finnish SSR. He recommended Andropov to the Foreign Ministry - for diplomatic work in Hungary.
Upon arrival, the newly-minted ambassador of good will discovered that in the autumn of 1956 a powerful national liberation movement began in this country, which grew into an insurrection. The diplomat Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, willingly took upon himself the key mission in suppressing this movement. His biography was marked by new Jesuits. In particular, he managed to deceive the government of Imre Nagy, convincing him that the USSR was interested in a democratic Hungary. Thus, the insidious negotiator diverted attention from the actual invasion of Soviet troops and the bringing to power of the government of Janos Kador. And when Imre Nagy disappeared from the Soviet troops at the Yugoslav embassy, Andropov "promised to help him by making an acquaintance" in order to leave the country's borders, and then handed in cold blood for shooting. He also handed over the Hungarian soldiers stationed at the USSR military base, inviting them to leave the territory and giving them an "honest noble word" that they would not be touched. Similarly, smiling, he betrayed one of the organizers of the uprising, the chief of police, Shandor Kopachi.
After the completion of the operation in Hungary, Andropov remained for another year in this country as a Soviet governor, directing the final sweep of the insurgents.
Hungary still remembers the "bloody diplomat".
Central Committee of the CPSU
After Hungary, in March 1957, at the request of NS Khrushchev, a new head of the department, Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich, began working in the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Biography again linked him with the supreme power, giving indulgence for the previous cooperation with Beria. Four years later, in 1961, he became a member of the Central Committee. An energetic party member adjoins the promising party wing of Leonid Brezhnev and takes part in the dismissal of General Secretary Khrushchev in 1964. In gratitude for the service, Leonid Ilyich appoints him head of the KGB.
Let us briefly delve into the character of the new chief of the KGB. Andropov liked to show his power. Let us give an example: an official note to the Central Committee dated December 25, 1970. Yuri Vladimirovich shows his concern over the increased flow of letters from abroad in connection with the New Year to NS Khrushchev, and also proposes to limit this flow. Why does he do this? Answer: the former general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Khrushchev, when considering personnel decisions, did not put forward Andropov once, motivating the decision by the lack of an organization of economic or administrative work from the latter.
KGB
15 years, during which Andropov was in charge of the State Security Committee, are worth mentioning. Let us construct our arguments on the testimonies of eyewitnesses. Politburo member Vadim Andreevich Medvedev recalls that at the meetings of Andropov, in order to please Leonid Ilyich, he hindered those present in expressing his point of view. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Leonid Brezhnev relied in many respects on his gray cardinal, the chief of the KGB.
Under the leadership of this department, the struggle against "anti-Soviet elements" became much more active on the part of Andropov. The functionary cleverly argued that the bloated apparatus of the KGB was a trend of the times. 15 departments of this department in all possible areas influenced people and public opinion (they were obliged to promote any institution).
Andropov know-how was used - treatment in a psychiatric hospital. Of honest, thinking, principled opponents, the medical officers-executioners made "vegetables". And it was put on the conveyor. Heavy pressing was subjected to progressive art: Lenkom, Theater on Taganka, magazines "New World", "Youth". Sometimes there was an absurd struggle with dissidents, which acquired manic forms. According to the testimony of VV Fedorov, who held high ranks in the KGB, Andropov personally brought the republics plans on how many dissidents should be arrested.
A rigid and hidden vertical for the citizens and the state vertical power of secret power Andropov. The KGB, for example, in 1976 carried out preventive work with 68 thousand citizens. This refers to moral pressure and intimidation by imprisonment. There were 851 political prisoners in prisons, including 261 of them because of anti-Soviet agitation.
Under Yuri Vladimirovich, special units were set up to fight terrorism inside the country: Alfa and abroad Vympel. Preparation of the Vympel players was impressive, for "working with people" these universals were able to even use the knowledge of astrology.
What did Andropov really serve?
Having become acquainted with the entire previous biography of this member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, it is naive to believe that Yuri Vladimirovich will suddenly stop in his career, stop elbows pushing everyone in his path, especially since his efforts have cultivated such a powerful instrument of power as the KGB unquestioningly obeying his orders. He was completely trusted and indulged by Brezhnev. Andropov enjoyed this.
Since 1979, he began to push his patron to failed decisions. In particular, the idea of a scam involving the introduction of troops into Afghanistan was planted by the chief of the KGB. At the December meeting of the Politburo, he was clearly exposed to the shield by disinformation about the emerging Islamic caliphate with its capital in Turkey. In addition, the KGB chief saw the prospect of America deploying medium-range missiles in Afghanistan. Of course, the United States could not even imagine. After all, the risk of placing nuclear weapons in an unstable country was more than high. It was this hysterical speech that led to the entry of our troops into Afghanistan, to 14,000 losses and a 10-year stupid war. Did Andropov want to take the place of "beloved Leonid Ilyich"? A photo of his 80's, if you know physiognomy, testify to this. His look is not the view of a subordinate.
Conveyor of deaths of members of the Politburo
A difficult question arises about the rather alarming trend of the deaths of members of the Politburo in the 1980s. This question, of course, is a mystery behind seven seals. However, the abnormality of such a phenomenon as the flow of deaths in the 1980s to the members of the Politburo, of course, is alarming.
Was it Andropov's secret policy? Conclusions we will not do, but we will consider the facts.
26.04.1976, a member of the Central Committee, Minister of Defense of the Central Committee, Grechko Andrei Andreevich, died. Seventy years old, he was in a decent for his years of sports form: he loved jogging, tennis, led an active lifestyle, spent a lot of time on CSKA. Colonel-General Varennikov openly expressed his disbelief at the naturalness of the death of this strong old man, not complaining about his health: in his house, in his armchair, with a book in his hands. It is characteristic that AA Grechko, like M. Suslov, who died later, was an old guard of the Politburo who did not recognize Andropov's ambitions.
17.07.1978, suddenly die 60-year-old Fedor Davydovich Kulakov, a real contender for the post of General Secretary of the CPSU. The mighty man died suddenly, "from acute heart failure." And a couple of hours before he was seen in good health. In his posthumous diagnosis, Academician Chazov was unconvincing. In addition, the deceased was unusually operatively cremated.
Needless to say, it was politicians, for example, competitors or opponents of Andropov, who were dying for some reason with surprising stability, the "will of chance". If the version is correct, then during Brezhnev's lifetime the 80s are actually the years of Andropov's rule, however, by the methods of the gray cardinal.
04.10.1980, the most important contender for Brezhnev's hat dies - Pyotr Mashinovich Masherov. He is killed in a car accident near the village of Smolevichi. The circumstances of the death: the Olympic road, as if with a needle, perfectly visible, an experienced personal driver. Whether there was a collision with a sovkhoz dump truck in general remains a mystery. Arriving, the police found that the collective farmer Pustovit Nikolai Mitrofanovich for some reason (which is not typical for such accidents) was all burnt, but by a miracle he was still alive. After three months, the collective farmer is put in for 15 years, and ... he disappears.
19.01.1982, the first deputy chief of the KGB, Andropov, "shot himself" - General Semyon Tsvigun, curator of the 3rd and 5th directorates, the man of Brezhnev, assigned by Leonid Ilyich to oversee Andropov.
January 25, 1982. Michael Andreevich Suslov dies illogically. Although he was the core, but the circumstances are still not atypical for death. With a consistently well-being, Mikhail Andreevich went to a special hospital for an annual medical check-up. And then suddenly - an extensive stroke and death.
Foreign and domestic policy of Andropov
Becoming at the helm of the state, Yuri Vladimirovich began to implement his political views, of course, not publicizing them. As a shrewd man, he was aware of the crisis situation in the economy of the USSR, which threatens to become an avalanche.
His main intention was to gradually isolate the Communist Party from real power. The power, according to Andropov, should be taken by the siloviki, who are pragmatically controlling the well thought out state investments in the economy. In addition, a certain niche in the national economy was given to private property.
It is said that the PRC subsequently used Andropov's plan. This gave the experts a reason to assert that thanks to this project the USSR would be able to be preserved.
Unfortunately, these were only the declared reforms of Andropov. They were not destined to come true. In fact, the fifth secretary-general personally ruled the country for only 5 months, and the last ten were tied to inpatient treatment. What did Andropov manage to do? What he could. And he knew how to make repressions and create a climate of fear. Immediately he began to fight corruption. A loud "cotton business" was opened. Was removed from power by the ancient opponent of Yuri Vladimirovich, chief of the Interior Ministry Nikolai Shchelokov (he shot himself, foreseeing the subsequent arrest). Widespread repressions against the population were sanctioned: militiamen during working hours raided in shops, cinemas and took violators of labor discipline on a pencil. Further, the management of the "memorandum truant", according to the letter of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was obliged either to dismiss or punish.
General Secretary Andropov was shown the incomprehensible cruelty of a la Beria. Galina Brezhneva and Yuri Churbanov were arrested, and the directors of Yeliseyevsky deli Y. Sokolov were accused of all the sins of Soviet trade and "instructively" shot.
In addition, Yuri Vladimirovich overtook fear and on the ground, replacing thirty-seven first secretaries of regional committees and eighteen ministers.
Strictly speaking, the years of Andropov's rule were in fact limited to superficial repressive measures that did not lead to the revival of the affected economy. For comparison: at the same time Turkey managed to lay the foundations of the resort industry. Controllers were introduced to the checkpoints, and the legality of loading and unloading was checked.
Economic innovations, perhaps, were limited to the fact that on the shelves cheaper vodka, nicknamed "Andropovka", appeared cheaper than other types (4 rubles 70 kopeks).
In foreign policy, Andropov committed two principal things: the process of normalizing relations with the PRC began, and the negotiations on medium-range missiles with the United States were disrupted.
Accents in the terror of Andropov
Was Andropov's terror uncompromising? Perhaps not. The all-powerful boss of the KGB managed to pursue its own policy even in this sphere. Subordinate Andropov, the next KGB chief, V. V. Fedorov, is not a novice in the definition of undercover intrigues, speaks of the unsympathetic application of the punitive function to Andropov. According to him, writers-statesmen were sent to prisons. The liberals, for example Brodsky, Bukovsky, Aksenov, Solzhenitsyn, Andropov took care of. Is expulsion abroad a punishment? Yuri Vladimirovich also favored and promoted such cultural figures as Yevtushenko, Lyubimov and Vysotsky.
And with the novel Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" - generally a dull story. Where did the village teacher get access to top-secret archives?
What was the purpose of this? Obviously - the creation of the image of a liberal politician.
Death and funeral
A year before the lethal outcome, in February 1983, the fifth secretary general was denied kidneys. Then he was rescued by hemodialysis. Health normalized. But on vacation in the Crimea Andropov caught a cold, after which he was forced to live in Kuntsevo hospital.
09/09/1984 Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov has died. Official diagnosis: renal failure. Andropov's funeral was marked by the short speech of his successor, Chernenko K. W. After uttering the words, he asked the people around him: "Shall we take off our caps?" - Then he answered himself: "No, it's cold."
Conclusion
At the cold-blooded consecutive party functionary Andropov, the whole life of acting, proceeding from expediency, in politics was a clear dominant. He sought a liberal state with elements of private property. The greatest powers in the "country of Andropov" were provided to the power bodies. At the same time, his promiscuity in the ways of achieving the goal, wolf grasp, inclination to destroy competitors is evident.
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