A knife is ... Meaning of a word

The kisser is the most strange and mysterious profession that ever existed in Russia. This name is capable of anyone to be misleading. And not only people who are not experienced in the knowledge of the language are confused, but also various writers, critics, and some public figures. In reality, this is a profession that was on the territory of Russia in the 15-18 centuries. For the entire history of its existence, it has undergone changes, so its definition has changed. This is even more misleading.

general information

The observer is a kind of administrative term that most often characterized a particular profession. This concept existed in Russia from the 15th to 18th centuries.

Such workers or public figures (like modern tax authorities or officials) who kissed the cross became idealists. Immediately during this process they proceeded to duties, as they swore an oath before the Lord. It was a kind of oath, and breaking the word means betraying God. Therefore, people were afraid to act not according to the rules.

This position was selective. There was no specific profession that would characterize it. Kneelers could perform the following procedures:

• Collect taxes. They took money from the peasants, and then handed them over to the authorities. Part of it was left to itself as an intermediary interest.
• Search and execute murderers. In the West, in Texas there was a similar position, when a particular price was assigned for the head of the offender. In Russia, too, it was, although not popular.
• Work at customs. They took payment for the goods, which they transported through a particular place.

Thus, there was no specificity regarding this position.

First value

Who is a tselovalnik? The meaning of the word is ambiguous. There are two explanations, which differ from each other radically. For the first time the profession appeared in the 15th century. Then it did not exist on its own. The person who held this post, had a great responsibility to the authorities and the people. At the moment there are "descendants" of the profession - a bailiff, employees of tax authorities.

The overbearer is the person who was responsible for collection of taxes, and also took direct part in the judicial system. He sought and executed criminals. Each employee was assigned to a certain territory. And when he went outside, he became an ordinary man without a job.

It is impossible not to note the electivity of the profession. A person was appointed by the people through ordinary voting. Therefore, we can say that as early as the 15th century, rudiments of democracy appeared in Russia.

Until that time, as the executive power of Russia was Ivan the Terrible, taverners were ordinary workers. They were elected by popular vote. At first they were ordinary employees who acted on their own. Above them there was no guidance.

Second value

At the end of the Time of Troubles, such a profession as tselovalnik changed. The importance was now focused on bureaucratic activities. Functions and responsibilities have changed. Now the employee was only required to collect taxes or deprive people of property, if they did not timely pay off their debts to the state.

Speaking of what he did, it is necessary to note one unique feature. Each month the employee had to collect a specific amount. And if he raises the bar, then next time it could not be less. If such a situation was observed, then he had to pay the missing funds from his pocket. Either the kisser was transferred to slavery, where he worked until he repaid his debt.

For obvious reasons, the post in question was not popular. People risked, as it was possible to collect more taxes than was required, providing themselves a comfortable existence. But, on the other hand, the probability of falling into slavery is great.

Closer to the beginning of the 19th century, the profession gradually fades away. It is replaced by the relevant departments - tax, customs authorities.

Why did this profession appear?

A healer is a profession that would necessarily appear. The fact is that it was necessary to create a system that will collect taxes. But at the same time it was required to minimize bureaucracy. Then it was decided to choose tax collectors among public figures. They entered into their own rights without specific payment for labor.

Another advantage of kissers was that an illiterate person could not go to collect taxes. All people already knew how to read, count and write. Therefore, the state authorities did not have to do anything for the tax collections to come to their own hands. Thus, a kind of cooperation between public positions and the leaders of the country was formed.

"Lobel Hollow"

In Russia there was such a position as a "lip trowel". Despite the similarity with something romantic, it meant something completely different. The elders and tselovalniki themselves performed various duties. They included collecting taxes and interacting with crime.

When a person did something bad, they had to find him and carry out a trial. According to the results of the criminal either sent to hard labor, or executed. And the word "labial" here has a common root with "ruining".

Why this name - "tselovalnik"?

Hollowers in Russia are people who did certain work. For their obligations, they took responsibility on a voluntary basis. Then there was no labor contract or any other document having legal force. Therefore, the performer could not be forced to strictly fulfill his obligations to the people and state structures.

However, fear of the law was not enough then. People were more afraid and afraid of God. Therefore, before entering a certain position, they kissed the crucifixion. That is, a person swore before God that he would be responsible for carrying out his duties to the people.

At the same time, it was impossible to identify the existence of a specific post. People just did their job. Only then, after a while, they received official employment. At first they had to show themselves and manifest themselves.

Conclusion

Thus, tselovalniki in Russia are people who fulfilled certain duties that are part of the concept of the profession that they chose. Election office was never specific. After the 18th century, it lost its importance, but left in perplexity many modern historians. After all, the name of the administrative term is often compared with something lyrical, loving. But in fact, he has nothing to do with this.