What is speech, the development of speech in ontogeny

The process of communication is common and common for the vast majority of people. The linguistic form of communication becomes an integral means of conveying one's thoughts in a formulated form to both young children and adults. Another thing is that the quality of the use of speech can be different. According to experts, a person accumulates experience of using language as a means of verbal communication throughout almost his entire life , improving it in various aspects. In early postembryonic age, the person develops basic communication skills with the outside world, including speech. The development of speech in ontogeny occurs in stages, some of which can demonstrate the level of possession of this skill, which, at first glance, is in no way connected with the traditional notion of linguistic communication.

General information about speech

Speech communication can be regarded as an information exchange tool. It was thanks to the psycholinguistic process, which was formed due to speech skills, that a person could use the past and modern experience of other people. Thus, the development of the already working skills of mankind has taken shape. At the same time, speech can not be considered in isolation from the direct instrument of its implementation - language. On the one hand, it means the organ of the articulatory apparatus, and on the other - a set of signs indicating a particular phenomenon, action or object of the real world. The quality of the use of language skills and determine the effectiveness of communication. And the development of speech in ontogeny is in some way the foundation on which the subsequent formation of articulatory and other abilities is built.

Features and functions of speech

As already noted, the speech allowed a person to achieve a modern and fairly high level of work. This became possible due to the fact that a person effectively used the functions of speech communication. First of all, this is a function of communication, which acts as a translator of the thoughts of a particular individual. Here it is worth emphasizing the ability to perceive speech, without which the psycholinguistic process is either significantly impoverished or does not make any sense at all. At the same time, speech and its use give impetus to personal intellectual activity, during which skills are improved such as memory, perception, thinking, etc. Like communication functions, these abilities depend on how effective speech itself is. The development of speech in ontogeny also lays the qualitative characteristics of this skill. Among them, the ability to transmit thoughts, correct presentation, expressiveness and effectiveness, that is, influence on the interlocutor, is distinguished.

Stages of speech activity

There are different approaches to the systematization of stages, during which, with varying degrees of intensity, the formation of skills in the use of speech occurs. But usually, however, three basic stages are distinguished: preparatory, preschool and preschool periods. The initial stage involves the mastery of speech in a period of up to a year. And it can be divided into several separate periods, because at this time there are several fundamentally important transitional moments in development. Then follows the so-called primary or pre-school stage, to the onset of which the child should already have basic skills of mastering the speech apparatus. But, again, these are all just the initial stages in the development of speech in ontogeny, from which one should not expect serious results in terms of improving the quality of communication skills. And the third stage presupposes the formation of skills in the possession of grammatical tools.

The first speech reactions

From the first days of birth, traditional even rudimentary manifestations of speech can not be said, but this period is important, from the point of view of the formation of the speech apparatus. It is significant, because at this time it is possible to eliminate some physiological defects, which in the future will become a hindrance to the full development of articulatory abilities. Therefore, a special place has a survey of organs that will determine the future development of speech in ontogeny. Briefly, these organs can be designated as a triad, including the respiratory, voice and articulatory apparatus. At the same time, the movements of these departments begin to appear in the child, thanks to which he makes cries and crying.

The development of speech in the first six months of a child's life

Up to 5-6 months the child begins to strengthen his speech apparatus, he can confidently babble and scream. By the end of this station, there is also a walk, which can also give information about possible defects. What is still important, in parallel with the development of their own abilities for verbal communication, children begin to actively perceive external sounds, giving them one or another value. Parents and others in general can influence the fixing of words in the context of creating an associative connection. In general, the features of speech development in ontogeny are largely conditioned by the influence of the external environment. The child is influenced by intonation, individual situational nuances and behavior patterns. To strengthen some model situations, it is recommended that they be repeated several times - the memory of the child at this time is sometimes a more effective development tool than physical articulation skills.

Development phase in the period from 5 to 12 months

This period is characterized by two important changes that will mark a new level in the development of speech skills by the child. First, it is an active imitation of adults. Children not only seek to simulate the sound signals through which communication occurs, but also imitate the mechanics of articulatory pronunciation. Thus, a model model is formed on the basis of which speech will be built. The development of speech in ontogeny at this stage also implies the strengthening of associations between words and the external world, but already in a complex and with an emotional coloring. And here we can note the second important change towards the future development. This is the emergence of clearer responses to words and phrases. The child more fully perceives the speech of adults and takes separate decisions on its basis.

Development stage in the period from 1 to 3 years

During this period, the child develops an articulatory apparatus and establishes a semantic base, on the basis of which he can be aware of what adults say. And if in the first year the understanding of words occurs in a generalized form, then at that time the children already have a more or less stable speech, although with serious mistakes. For example, they can confuse the meanings of certain words, omit prepositions, and also have difficulty expressing requests. At this stage, the development of speech in the process of ontogeny is mainly due to the accumulation of words. That is, the mechanics of handling them are already in the stage of active formation and are only improving, but many children are experiencing difficulties because of the lack of a lexicon.

Stage of development in the period from 3 to 7 years

Since the age of 3, children can express their thoughts in an understandable form, while observing the grammatical structure. Of course, there will be many mistakes during this period. Most of them are still allowed due to inability to correctly use complex sentences, and in some cases errors in pronunciation of sounds are allowed. Phonemic perception also develops. This means that a child with greater efficiency can approach his own control of speech. He hears himself and corrects, based on the rules set by the adults themselves. Therefore, the teaching function of parents is still significant. In addition, the development of children's speech in ontogeny at this stage is inseparably linked with the improvement of such qualities as thinking, remembering and perception.

Development of phonetic-phonemic skills

Strengthening the ability to perceive sounds by ear and correctly reproduce them is formed together with the development of the immediate organs of speech generation. In other words, the whole speech apparatus and the voice departments, together with the auditory system, are the central objects that the child intents to learn. And more attention can be paid to articulation, because the quality of pronunciation depends on it. Here, too, the ability to diversify the use of speech tones is manifested. Emotions are increasingly reflected in the manner in which certain words are pronounced. Intonation, in particular, at this stage acquires its own stylistic features, which can naturally repeat the manner of conversation of surrounding adults.

The process of expanding the lexical and grammatical base

In addition to the accumulation of words, at this time the child tries to correctly connect them. The simplest ligaments have already been successful, but problems with compound word combinations are still possible. The skills of correct case management develop gradually. Also, the ability to distinguish in the process of speech the plural and singular numbers, endings, etc. develops. A later period during which the grammatical structure of speech develops in ontogenesis is characterized by the formation of syntactic and morphological levels of language proficiency. Children learn the techniques of word-formation and word-change, independently make sentences and learn how to handle accents correctly. And, as before, phonetics and the ability to perceive third-party speech remain one of the main external factors by which the child develops his communication abilities.

Development of coherent speech in ontogeny

During this period, there is a comprehensive strengthening of the skills of speech management from different sides - with sound, morphological, grammatical and lexical. Connected speech requires a lot of effort from the child and also involves more thinking processes. Formed and the skills of maintaining a dialogue, which already consists not only of simple or complex sentences, but also requires relatively fast speech responses to alternating answers and questions. As the patterns of speech development in ontogeny show, children begin to pay special attention in the process of communication and its context. The generality of the situation, which connects the child and the interlocutor, influences his statements.

Possible violations in the process of development of speech

Speech defects are mainly associated with underdevelopment of mental functions, although physical deviations also often occur. Usually, both reasons complement each other, because of what is formed an intractable set of factors that do not allow finding an unambiguous means of getting rid of the problem. Such defects include alalia, dysphonia, logoneurosis, etc. Some abnormalities are associated with abnormalities in the processes of vocal formation, others are caused by problems of the hearing aid, and still others do not allow the proper organization of the tempo-rhythmic function. Sometimes the disrupted development of speech in ontogeny can be corrected at an early age. But as we grow older, even in the initial stages of the development of oral speech, it becomes increasingly difficult to cope with such violations.

Conclusion

As the specialists note, there are no general models for the development of speech abilities. As these skills develop, each child as a bridge develops a system that helps him understand the laws and principles on which speech is based. The development of speech in ontogeny also occurs with the postponement of certain skills. This should also be prepared. For example, he can, at early stages, feel repetitive sonorous sounds, but he himself is not yet able to pronounce them. In a certain sense, the differentiation of individual features of speech communication also occurs in the part of phonetic perception, and will also take place in the further formation of the ability to add words from the sentences and maintain dialogues.