What is a null ending in Russian

Russian language, knowingly say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. In no language of the world does there exist such a huge number of rules and exceptions, and neither of them can boast such a great variety of not only words, but also their forms that can be formed if, for example, the noun is declined by case, Or to conjugate verbs. Particular complexity is made by graduation, because they bind all words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, problems can be caused by the definition of the zero end. In more detail, we will try to find out what a null ending is in this article.

What is the ending?

The ending is one of the morphemes, which indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in the sentence. The end is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-building. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and face of the word. For example, in the word "continent" the ending -a indicates that the given word in the singular, the genitive and the masculine gender, and in the word "think" the ending -et says that this third person singular construction.

Cases when the ending is not at the very end of the word

In determining the ending, some people may have difficulties, because they are sure that it must necessarily be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:

• If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be in front of it. For example: removed, WHOM, or something, something, go.

• In complex quantitative numerals, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fivetyt, fourteen. However, it is not necessary to confuse the numerical numerals and ordinal numerals or adjectives, which are formed from them. For example: the fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-storey, three-year, first-class, seven-cornered.

Grammatical meanings of the endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect the lexical meaning of the word and the whole sentence as a whole. After all, it is sometimes easiest to identify foreigners among crowds of people precisely because the correct use of endings in words is given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can denote the following grammatical values:

• the numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, the noun (for example: the canvas-ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative, it is also singular and of the middle genus); Adjective (for example: a clean canvas-the ending -e indicates a single number, a middle genus and an nominative case); Participle (for example: a washed cloth - the ending - it also says that we have the word in the singular, in the nominative and the middle genus); Some pronouns (for example: your canvas-ending -e also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and middle genus) and some numerals (for example: one canvas-ending -o indicates a single word in the middle genus and in the nominative case) ;

• only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is not anything - the ending -go speaks of the genitive case) and the part of the numerals (there are no seven - the ending - and says that the given word is in the genitive case);

• only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and the present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person is unique number);

• only the numbers and genus of the verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - the verb of the feminine gender and the singular).

What is a null ending?

Also, some difficulties can arise when determining the ending, if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, it is necessary to understand what is a zero ending. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. Despite the fact that this type of endowment is not materially expressed in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it is necessary to designate it as an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

The following types of words have the zero ending in Russian:

• Nouns of the first person in the genitive case and the plural face. For example: birds,, seal , cows,, petsØ.

• Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of a single masculine gender, for example: discoverable, individual, t inclined, gorgeous, detained, armed.

• Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine gender in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parcant, felt, oven, speech, night.

• Possessive adjectives in the form of a single masculine gender. For example: fathers Ø, mommin, cow, Ø, foxia, Serezhin.

• Verbs of the singular in the imperative mood. For example: learn, see, help, translate, ask.

• Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of a single number. For example: saidØ - would say, would listen - would listen, would vote - would vote, would ask - would ask.

Often in the morphological analysis, people confuse words with a zero ending with words that do not have any endings at all. To understand all the differences, let us consider which words do not have an ending at all.

Words that do not end at all

The end does not have such immutable words and groups of words:

• indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;

• indeclinable adjectives, for example: bordeaux, khaki, marengo, net, Baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

• Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: them, her, him;

• all adverbs, since the adverb is an invariable part of speech and by definition no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;

• words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, majestic;

• all gerunds, since this part of speech took its indecision from the adverb and, like the adverb, can not have an ending, for example: reading, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, memorizing, analyzing, realizing;

• all the service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, not, not only, but, hardly, just, without, over, under, in;

• interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bah-bah, that's those times;

• the initial form of the verb in the case that -t and -i are perceived as a suffix, for example: eating, receiving, feeling, understanding, respecting, experiencing, acting.

Also, one should not designate in the letter for morphological analysis an empty square of a word with no endings at all. One rule can help you easily distinguish words without endings from a zero ending. Words without endings are not mutable, unlike words with a zero ending.

How to determine the ending?

To determine in any word the ending, it is enough simply to decay it by case. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is thus easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not exist at all, are presented in the following table:

In this example, it is noticeable how easily it is possible to define a given morpheme in words. Since the word "pleesse" does not tend by case, this word does not end, and in the word "mirrors" only the root and the zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in the plural and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the zero ending interacts

In the majority of the examples examined, words with a root and a zero ending are used most often among morphemes. With such an end, all other morphemes can also be combined. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. Also there are words, in the morphemic analysis of which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: a teenager, put it, predicted it, timed it. Very often words are used in which the postfix and the zero ending in Russian are simultaneously present. For example: nakrasilsya, cheered up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.

A soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that a soft sign can not be the end of a word. This sign does not mean any sound, but merely points to the softness of the consonant that stands before it. If the word ends in a soft sign, then it should be assumed that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, in spite of the fact that in the constructions only, away, there is a soft sign on the end, it is not worthwhile to consider these words with a zero ending. They are unchanged, and they have no endings at all.

Morphemic analysis of words

The ending is the only mutable part in the word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In the case of morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in the word, since it is enough to only slightly modify the word for this.

Small difficulties that could arise with the correct definition of the end is to distinguish words that have a zero ending, and also words without ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what the zero ending is, then in the analysis this morpheme will not make any difficulties.