What does the sentence consist of in Russian? Composition of a complex and simple sentence

In Russian there are a lot of units, but the most important one is a sentence, because it is the communicative unit. We communicate with each other with the help of suggestions.

Sentence

This unit of language is constructed according to a certain grammatical pattern. What does the offer consist of? Of course, from words. But words in sentences lose their linguistic essence, they become syntactic constituents of one whole, turn into sentence members, grammatically connected with its other constituent parts.

Members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary. Without main members, a proposal can not exist. And then, of what the basis of the sentence consists, is called the subject and the predicate.

Subject matter

As the main member, the subject calls the subject of speech. If in every utterance a fragment of the surrounding world is enclosed, then the subject is called a phenomenon with which something is happening, which is doing something or has some signs. This member is the most important among all of what the proposal consists of.

A subject can be expressed by any part of speech, if it answers the question: what is in the world? Who is in the world?

For example:

What is in the world? Summer. June Heat.

Who is in the world? Butterflies.

In these one-part nazivnyh sentences the speaker informs about the presence in the world of the phenomena named in the subject. It happens that this is enough for the message.

But most often the subject in the sentence is related to the predicate.

Predicate

Being the second component of what the grammatical basis of the sentence consists of, the predicate performs the following functions:

• Indicates the effect of an object called a subject (Snow melted).
• Indicates the action of an object that is tested by an object called a subject (Roofs are covered with snow).
• He calls the sign that an object called a subject has (The day was warm).

The predicate is usually expressed by a verb. If it is expressed by a single verb in the form of an inclination, it is called a "simple verbal predicate". In the case when it consists of two verbs, one of which is an infinitive, it is a composite verbal predicate. And if in the structure of the predicate there is another part of speech - not a verb, then the predicate is a compound non-verbal one.

Coordination

So, the main members are what the proposal should consist of. Between them a special relationship is established, which is usually called coordination in the scientific world. This is a kind of connection in which the subject and the predicate are put in the same form of number, gender, and case.

Examples of the proposal with coordinated main members:

• The snow fell out.
• Father is a doctor.
• The night is dark.
• Children are cheerful.
• The walk is scheduled.
• Games are held in the air.

Sometimes the coordination between the subject and the predicate is impossible:

• Dumplings - like hot cakes.
• The military man in a greatcoat.
• The main task of the commander is to study the enemy.
• There is a soldier's cauldron was not considered shameful.

Secondary members of the proposal

Other components of what the offer consists of are secondary members. They are subordinate to the main members or to each other and serve to define, clarify, supplement their meanings.

Secondary they are called because without them a sentence can exist. But it would not be a complete reflection of the whole diversity of the world, if it had no secondary members. Compare, for example:

• There were snowdrops (without secondary members - unspoken proposal).
• In the spring , snowdrops appeared (the circumstance of time expands the world reflected in the proposal).
• In the spring appeared long-awaited snowdrops (the definition expresses the attitude of man to the fragment of the world).
• In the spring long-awaited snowdrops appeared - forerunners of heat (the app helps to feel the joy of foreseeing what will follow after the snowdrops appear).
• In the spring, long-awaited snowdrops appeared on the thawed patches - precursors of heat (the addition allows you to see a more accurate picture of the world).

Definition

One of the secondary members is the definition. It refers to a member of a sentence that has objective meaning. Answers the questions of what? whose? And their case forms. It is consistent and inconsistent. The agreed definitions are of the same kind, number and case as the word being determined, and the uncoordinated ones do not change when the main word is changed.

• Agreed Definitions: My big barking dog, my big barking dog, is my big barking animal.
• Uncoordinated definition: Dog with collar , dog with collar , animal with collar .

Addition

One of the components of what the sentence is in the Russian language is the addition. Such a secondary term denotes an object in relation to which an action is performed or a feature is manifested. To the complement are put questions of indirect cases. It refers to words with an action value:

• Filled with water;
• The water is full;
• Filled with water;
• Filling with water.

By grammatical features, the addition can be direct or indirect. A direct addition is associated with a transitive verb without a preposition in the accusative case:

• I see (whom? What?) The landscape;
• Photograph (whom? What?) Landscape;
• I paint (whom? What?) The landscape.

The indirect addition is expressed by all other forms of the noun, except for the accusative case without a preposition.

• Admired (with what?) The landscape;
• Beauty (what?) Of the landscape;
• Thought (what?) About the landscape.

Circumstance

Circumstance is another part of what the sentence consists of. It characterizes the way, place, time, cause, purpose, condition and other features of the action, state or attribute.

The circumstances answer different questions depending on which side of the action it characterizes:

• In the forest (where?) Everything was painted in the autumn.
• Everything was painted (how?) In the autumn.
• It was painted (when?) In September all around.
• Beautifully (to what extent?) Very much around.

Very often, circumstantial values can be combined with an additional value:

• I rested (where? In what?) In the village.
• We spent the money (why? For what?) To buy.
• Misha was delayed (why? Because of whom?) Because of his comrade.

Simple sentence

In a simple sentence, one fragment of the world is reflected. For example: Autumn came suddenly.

In this sentence, one object and one of its actions are named: autumn has come.

One grammatical basis - that is what a simple sentence consists of.

The picture, drawn in a simple sentence, should be one. Although it happens that subject or predicate can be a number of homogeneous members :

• Autumn and frost came suddenly.
• Autumn came and took over the world suddenly.

Despite the fact that in these proposals several subjects (autumn and frost) or several predicates (came and took possession), the basis of the proposals remains alone, because the world picture is not fragmented into several fragments.

A simple sentence can consist of one main member. Such proposals are called single-piece. In them the absence of the second main member is explained by its redundancy. For example, in all callsigns the general meaning of the predicate is the presence in the world of what is called a subject. Thus, words with the meaning of the presence of a phenomenon in the world become superfluous:

• Here is my house.
• This is our village.
• Night.
• Silence.
• What peace!

In the single-member definite-personal sentences, the predicate is expressed in the form of verbs of the first and second person. The personal endings of the verbs serve as an indication of the person: I, you, we, you. For this reason, the subject, which must be expressed by one of these pronouns, becomes redundant to understand the meaning contained in the sentence. For example:

• I'll go out into the field and look at the shoots.
• Come with me?
• We gather in an hour in the hall.
• Leave without delay.

In one-compound indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate is expressed by verbs in the form of nast. The time of the third person is multiplied. Number or last. Time. Number. In such proposals, the meaning of the redundancy of the indication of the subject of action is expressed - no matter who did it, it is important that it is done:

• In the gardens they were still harvesting.
• Apples are collected in the gardens.
• In the field of cleaning bread.
• They sing somewhere.
• Tomorrow they will go out to weed.

Impersonal proposals reflect a world in which something happens without an actor. Therefore, the subject in such a sentence is not just superfluous, it can not be used. As a predicate most often used verbs in the form of the present tense are unique. The number of the third person or past tense is unique. The number of avg. Kind and word categories of state.

• It's brightening.
• It's getting dark.
• It's stuffy to me.
• He's not feeling well.

Difficult sentence

If in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, then a few foundations are what a complex sentence consists of. Consequently, in a complex sentence, several fragments of the surrounding world are reflected: Autumn came suddenly, and the green trees stood under the snow caps.

In the sentence there are two subjects of speech: autumn and trees. Each of them has a word that denotes its action: the autumn has come, the trees have stood.

Parts of a complex sentence can be connected in various ways: an alliance or union link. Allied sentences can be compound or complex. The structure of complex sentences is best represented by schemes. The brackets and symbols of the subject and the predicate are what the scheme of the sentence consists of. Independent proposals are indicated by square brackets.

[- =], [- =].

[- =], and [- =].

Complicated sentences consist of the main and subordinate clause, the main one is denoted by square brackets, and the subordinate clause is round.

[- =], (when - =).

(If- =), [- =].

Examples of complex sentences :

• From the trees there was a smell of resinous aroma, and the breeze carried it far to the steppe. (Union, compound).
• Birches stood by the pond, which reflected them in its depth against the blue sky and white clouds (allied compound).
• All around the silence reigned: the squeak of a mosquito was heard distinctly and sonically (unconditioned).