System of public authorities. Functions, rights, powers, activities of government bodies

The state is a complex structure, which consists of many elements. The main is the population. After all, any country is a socio-political system, that is, its activities come from society. It should be noted that the state crocheting that we all used to see today did not always exist. Initially, people lived in tribal communities, in other words, a single tribe. However, in such a structure it is extremely difficult to regulate the activities of the society and each of its particular representatives. With this task, the state system can best cope, because it has an established mechanism of special authorities. In its turn, this institute has a lot of features. Its main advantage is the fact that people's activities are best coordinated by public authorities. But the whole array of such departments should exist only within the framework of a structured mechanism. In the Russian Federation, it is called a system of public authorities, which will be discussed later in the article.

Authority - the concept

Regulation of social relations and society as a whole is done by the law and the system of certain departments. The latter category has the name "authority". There are many definitions of this term. They contain different information. But almost all definitions are similar in that the authority appears to be an institution of a public nature. That is, it is a certain structure that functions to realize the main tasks of a specific country.

Signs of the Institute

Of course, the authority is a political and legal institution. This indicates the presence of certain signs. Thus, the following are characteristic features of state authorities:

1. Any body of the country is a structure consisting of separate elements and, of course, people. Because they are the main implementers of his activities.
2. All government bodies own a certain part of the state fund's property.
3. The powers of a particular body characterize its social role, as well as the range of possibilities.
4. The body of power, as mentioned earlier, is a structural phenomenon. In this case, its system in each case is unique. In other words, each agency has a different hierarchy.

The characteristics presented are characteristic of all authorities without exception. Although in some cases it is possible to identify specific features.

System of public authorities

As it was mentioned earlier, the agencies responsible for the implementation of the country's main tasks are united in a single structure. Such a system of public authorities exists in all modern powers. This approach to the organization of departments makes it possible to ensure not only their hierarchical subordination to each other, but also the efficiency of the activity. After all, any tasks in this system will be carried out and controlled. It should be noted that the system of government bodies, largely due to the principle of separation of government, which was invented a long time ago.

The principle of separation of powers

In ancient times almost every state was ruled by one person and a group of people close to him. Of course, such an approach could not ensure the equality and fraternity of the entire population of such powers. Therefore, during the "new time", such thinkers as John Locke and Charles-Louis de Montesquieu, have developed, truly, an innovative principle of separation of powers. According to this scientific theory, all public administration is divided between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. In the opinion of thinkers, such an approach will not only eliminate the single-authority authority, but also ensure the legality and equality of citizens. Since the invention of the principle, a large amount of time has passed. However, the system of government bodies in almost all states is built on its basis to this day.

Basic principles of the structure of departments

It's no secret that the fact that any legal relationship in a particular state is built on certain principles that dominate it. As a rule, they are established by the constitution, that is, by the basic law of the state. The principles of the system of government are large. In fact, in every state they are different. But in many European countries, the key provisions of the system of bodies are the same. In this sense, the Russian Federation is no exception. Therefore, the activities of public authorities in our country are based on a number of key provisions.

1. All structures and departments are unified. This means that their activities are realized for the people on the basis of its will, the Constitution and the legislation of our country.
2. The whole system of government bodies operates on the principle of dividing the sphere of state administration between the three branches described earlier.
3. The target activity of all bodies is democracy, that is, serving the interests of society.

Powers of public authorities are conditioned by the presented principles. After all, they provide the initial "plot" of the activities of departments, and also show the full breadth of their capabilities.

Types of government departments

Classify all authorities can be completely by different criteria. Therefore, today there are many species divisions, for example:

1. According to the place in the general hierarchy, the highest, central and territorial authorities are allocated.
2. By the method of internal formation, there are elected bodies (the State Duma), appointed on the basis of existing legislation and mixed, which absorbed the characteristics of the first two types.
3. If you take into account the characteristics of the staff, it is possible to single out the individual bodies, of which the Russian president is an example, and collective agencies.

4) The territorial structure of many states determines the features of the system. Take, for example, Russia. Our country is a federation. In accordance with this, it is possible to single out the national bodies and bodies of the subjects of the state.

Classification by the principle of separation

Undoubtedly, the basic division of all authorities is based on the provision on three branches of public administration. This means that all departments without exception are part of one of the groups, namely: legislative, executive or judicial. In fact, on the basis of this principle, any state can be analyzed. After all, the authorities of the authorities in most cases depend on belonging to a particular branch. Therefore, for a detailed examination and study of the management system, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of each individual group.

Activities of executive branch authorities

The form of public administration mentioned in the article is independent and completely independent. The executive branch is responsible for implementing the current legislation. In fact, this branch directly regulates the life of society through public influence on it. At the same time, the functions of executive authorities exist and are implemented exclusively within the framework established by national regulatory enactments. For example, in the Russian Federation, agencies of this type are regulated, first of all, by the constitution and other legislation.

In their activities , the executive bodies in most cases coordinate the society and satisfy its needs. But there is another aspect of their functioning. A large number of executive authorities ensure law and order and law. These include the prosecutor's office, internal affairs agencies, security agencies and other departments.

Legislative bodies

Among all three branches, one of the most important is the one on which the rule-making function is entrusted. The single and the most classic legislative authority today in all states is the parliament. He, in fact, is a symbol of the principle of separation of government. The structure of the parliament, in every state, is completely different. There are two types of legislative bodies: bicameral and unicameral. The former are found in federal countries, others in unitary countries. At the same time, the rights of the authorities of the legislative branch are not limited solely to norm-setting. Parliament also has some control powers. In certain countries, the legislature may act as the highest judicial authority, but this, we understand, is an exception.

Courts of Justice

Justice has always played a great role. After all, it is from this branch that the destinies of people directly depend in most cases. The judicial power is represented by a whole system of separate bodies. They are empowered on behalf of the state to apply administrative or criminal measures to persons who commit offenses. In addition, judicial bodies resolve disputes arising between individuals and legal entities. Each state has its own judicial system, which is built on separate principles and has characteristic features. In Russia courts are independent and completely independent bodies.

Conclusion

So, we have considered the concept of the system, the powers of state authorities, as well as their main types. It must be remembered that even with all the points that are common to many structures, the authorities in each state have their own unique features. This should be taken into account when studying the departments of a country.