Sources of phraseological units. The use of phraseological units in speech

The Russian language is one of the richest and most expressive in the world due to the abundance of expressive means. Phraseology is a section of linguistics in which lexically indivisible combinations of words are studied, called special phraseological units. With the help of them, speech becomes more beautiful.

What does "phraseology" mean? Term meaning

Each person uses winged phrases in his speech intentionally or unconsciously to give her an emotional coloring. Far from everyone knows the sources of origin of phraseological units and what they differ from other expressions. To understand the functions of winged phrases and not to confuse them with other units of speech, it is necessary to know their characteristics.

1. Phraseological units are always complex in composition, that is, they consist of two or more words.

2. Have an undivided meaning. Phraseology can not be divided, but can be expressed in other words-synonyms. For example, the expression "roll barrel" is used in the sense of "unreasonably reproach someone".

3. Unlike free phrases, phraseological units are characterized by constancy of the composition - the components do not change in numbers and genera (you can not say "the cat cried out" instead of the classic combination "the cat cried" or instead of "the hens do not peck" - "the cocks do not peck", by the way, phraseological units With the meaning of "many" and "little" are most often used in speech).

4. The order of words is fixed in winged phrases. It is wrong to say "bones and skin" instead of "skin and bone." This rule applies to all phraseological units.

5. Winged phrases of one language, as a rule, are not translated word for word to another. If in Russian there is a phrase "to spit in the ceiling", the English will say "sit and turn with your thumb", while the meaning will be one - "mess around".

Functions of phraseological units in the language

Winged phrases give speech vivacity and imagery. Knowledge of phraseology is appreciated in all areas of human activity, often journalists turn to such techniques in satirical sketches and essays, but for this it is necessary to know exactly what phraseology means. The performance of a humorist or a satirist becomes brighter and more expressive if he inserts winged phrases into his speech. The use of phraseological units in newspaper headlines has always been relevant, and often the author of the article subjects them to creative transformations. There are 5 cases where a winged phrase carries a new meaning.

1. Expansion of the composition through the use of clarifying words: "Cats, not small fluffy, but large, with dirty sharp claws, scratched her heart." In this case, the well-known phraseology was dismembered in other words.
2. The reception of reduction (reduction) is demonstrated in the well-known TV series "Do not Be Born Beautiful". It begs the continuation: "and be born happy."
3. Sources of author's phraseological works are drawn from classical stable combinations. So, the Latin motto "veni, vidi, vici" (the "came, saw, won") journalist can remake in his own way: "came, saw, recorded."
4. Combining several expressions: "Is not this why fear is called panic, that the god Ban laughed in a flood of Homeric laughter?" The connection should be successful, so that the phrase does not look ridiculous.
5. Destruction of figurative meaning, when the phraseology has a direct meaning, and not metaphorical, for example: "The Buddha statue had golden hands".

How did the winged phrases come about?

The formation of culture of each people took place for many centuries, the heritage of one country began to interest others, as a result of which one can notice the phenomenon of assimilation. Sources of Russian phraseological units are divided into two large groups: primordial-Russian and borrowed. Winged expressions in Russian were borrowed from Slavic and non-Slavic languages. From English came interesting phrases "a storm in a glass of water," "to be or not to be," "a princess on a pea." In turn, Russian phraseological units spread throughout the world. The Czechs and the British are still delighted with the winged expressions of the "bear service", "the hero of our time" and many others.

Original-Russian phraseological units are divided into three large groups: obscheslavianskie, vostochnosljanskie and samo-russkie. Differences are due to the territory on which they were distributed.

1. The most ancient Slavic or Proto-Slavic can be referred to phraseology on topics related to biblical motifs, for example, "Christ in the bosom" in the meaning "in complete safety."
2. East Slavic phraseological units were distributed by Russians, Byelorussians and Ukrainians ("lay a pig" - "commit meanness," "neither stake nor court" - "nothing at all").
3. Russian-language winged expressions: "with gulkin nose" - "little", "keep your mouth shut" - "silent."

Stylistic layers of phraseology

A person uses in his speech established combinations of words with a portable meaning, without even thinking about it, and some of them sometimes seem indecent. Scientists subdivided all phraseological units into three layers depending on their stylistic coloring.

1. Neutral combinations , such as "New Year", "point of view." Phraseologisms with the meanings of such a plan, as a rule, are simple in interpretation, since a person uses them in his speech quite often.
2. Book . They can be used not only in printed publications, but also in everyday speech - this will indicate the education of a person ("Babylonian pandemonium", "Achilles' heel"). However, it is inappropriate to use book phraseological units in an informal setting or too often.
3. Conversational . Used quite often "white crow", "buffoon peas" and other phraseological units. 6th grade is the most suitable time for familiarizing the student with similar expressions, so that he begins to actively use them.
4. Sporadic phraseological units are inadmissible in the speech of an educated person, especially in an official setting. For the characteristic, you can choose a more decent word combination. So, the phrase "stuffed fool" can be replaced by phraseology "comes as a giraffe."

Winged expressions in other languages

All the peoples of the world have a great cultural heritage, which can be attributed to literature. Winged phrases are present not only in Russian, but also in many others. Often, components change, so it's not always possible to understand what phraseology means, but its meaning remains the same. Some differences can be found in the example of the English language.

• The expression "rare bird" ("rara avis") came from Latin. In Russian appeared the phraseology "white crow", and in English the translation did not change.
• "Fight like a fish on the ice" - so they say about a person who is engaged in a complex and empty work. In English, the expression sounds like "pull the line by the tail".
• Phraseologisms "to make a mountain from a mage" and "to make of an elephant fly" are complete synonyms, but the first is found among the peoples of Europe.
• In English, the winged expression "as the wind blew off" sounds like "disappear into the clear air." So they say about a man who quickly and suddenly disappeared without explaining.
• The famous expression "like twice two four" in English sounds quite different: "clearly as a nose on the face." Is it connected with weak knowledge of mathematics?
• In English, the phraseology "to call things by their proper names" sounds more verbatim: "call a shovel a shovel." An interesting question may arise: "Why a garden tool, not pudding or coffee?"

• If a Russian man says "keep your mouth shut," the Englishman will make the chatterbox "button up his lips." To know for sure what phraseology means you have not heard before, you need to turn to the dictionary.
• Some winged phrases from different peoples of the world fully preserve the dictionary component in translation. Thus, phraseological units "go through fire and water", "verbal diarrhea", "soul unraveling" and "looking for a needle in a haystack" sound the same in both English and Russian.

Winged expressions of carpenters, sailors and others

In the Russian language, a large group is occupied by phraseological units that were once used in a certain type of activity. Pay attention to how the phraseological units arise in a narrow circle of people, which subsequently become relevant to the people. So, popular sayings of seamen "to run aground" and "to go with the flow" have a figurative meaning - "to remain with nothing" and "to obey circumstances." The phrases "neither a hitch nor a hitch", "to trim under a nut" and others used in the professional sphere carpenters, and later all the rest. If the fishermen use the phrase "get on the bait" or "hook on the hook" in their speech, the rest say so in situations not related to fishing. Thus, the sources of phraseological units can be found in professional fields of activity.

Winged expressions and antiquity

The modern world owes a lot to the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome, as classical art samples were laid in this era. Excerpts from ancient myths and epics are used in the literature of the present years. Sources of phraseological units are traced in Ancient Greece and Rome, as ancient subjects have always interested the public.

Today it is rare to hear the phraseology "get into the arms of Morpheus," and before the master of the word often turned to this turnover. The origin of the winged expression is associated immediately with two phenomena. Sleeping morphine is obtained from the heads of a poppy flower, and the god Morpheus in ancient Greece was sprinkled with poppy flowers and never opened his eyes.

Hymen in the ancient world - the patron of marriage. Speaking about the union of two lovers, they often use word combinations, which contain a word that symbolizes chains, ligaments or other connecting elements. By ties tied one person to another - and so appeared the phraseology "the bonds of Hymen", meaning the eternal love and affection of two people.

Long ago, the goddess of discord Eris decided to take revenge on the gods, who did not invite her to a feast. She threw them a golden apple with the inscription "the most beautiful Hera, Aphrodite and Athena." Three goddesses argued for a long time who should rightfully wear this title, but Paris made its choice in favor of the goddess of love. For this, she helped him get Elena, because of which the long Trojan War began. So appeared phraseological "apple of discord".

Ancient Greek fabulist Aesop was not given to everyone. In his speech, he often used the method of allegory, because of what the people around could not guess what he was talking about. Today, the expression "Aesopian language" means the ability to express their thoughts in allegories and parables.

The role of phraseological units in the media

The task of printed publications is to attract the readers' attention and gain a large target audience, thanks to which the demand for the newspaper will always be high. Literate journalists often try to find a bright metaphorical headline, based on phraseology. In the CIS countries they honor and remember the Russian writers of the Golden Age, that's why they often choose for the title of the article a famous quote by Griboyedov "Who are the judges?" From his work "Woe from Wit". Most often, the authors use phraseological units or supplement them with new vocabulary components. So, in the title "Bills do not burn," there is a connection with Mikhail Bulgakov and his famous saying "Manuscripts do not burn." Thus, the sources of phraseological units are also fiction. People's winged phrases "big ship big swimming" and "chicks in the fall believe" journalists have changed the "big ruble big swim" and "the May decrees in the fall believe." Experts confirm that the use of phraseological units in the media always attracts readers. It is important to know the meaning of each stylistic figure, so that there is no embarrassment.

Errors in the use of phraseological units

An educated person tries to decorate his speech with winged phrases, use professional terms and foreign words. Often the use of one form or another is erroneous, which can affect the meaning of the context and completely change it. There are several missteps that are most often manifested in a person's speech.

Some unnecessarily reduce the composition of phraseology as a result of missing a component: "the student's successes desire the best" instead of "the student's successes leave much to be desired." The first form is used erroneously. The replacement of one of the components may be original, but sometimes it just causes laughter.

Workers of the media often use phraseology in their speeches "where the journalist's foot has not yet set foot." In a stable combination, in this case, instead of the word "person", another was chosen.

Replacing a component close in sound is an error that can lead an educated person to a standstill. So, instead of the correct form of "do not lose courage" you can hear "not lost heart" - the verb in the past tense was chosen instead of the infinitive.

The erroneous replacement of grammatical forms, too, can cause laughter, especially when instead of the phraseology "freeze the worm" people hear "freeze worms." Changing the singular to the plural is unacceptable.

Often the error manifests itself in a mixture of two phrases. Phraseologisms "have meaning" and "play a role" can be confused with each other, resulting in a funny turn "play value."

Failure to understand the meaning of winged expressions is a serious oversight, because this can lead to ridiculous suggestions, so it is important to know how phraseological units arise and in what cases they should be used. So, the phrase "cheerful graduates performed their swan song" (the song is sung by a dying bird) sounds ridiculous, so if you are not sure about the use of phraseology, do not take chances.

How often do we use winged word combinations? Phraseologisms in everyday speech

A person uses winged phrases in speech much more often than he seems. As a rule, this happens unconsciously. So, for a day some say a few dozen expressions. Often the school curriculum includes phraseological units (grade 6 and on).

We call the "scapegoat" a person who has to account for the misdeeds of others, and being angry with someone, say "I'll show you my mother's kuz'kina!" Trying to achieve the desired result by all efforts, we "turn as a squirrel in a wheel", and lazy, we begin to "work through the sleeves." Seeing a quiet, modest old woman, we'll call her a "divine dandelion," and a person who stands out as the negative side of the character - "the black sheep in the family."

Much less often people want to pick up phraseological units consciously, to give speech aesthetic coloring. Speakers, depending on the topic of their speech, start it with winged phrases, so that the listeners show a keen interest. Young guys often "shoot an arrow" to find out the relationship, and before that they decide to "freeze the worm" in order to gain strength. Out-of-the-way children "overlooked" the wise instructions of their parents, about which "deep down" after years sorry. Thus, phraseology has become firmly established in the life of every person.