Proper name? It is interesting!

What is the proper name? How is it different from other names? To answer this question, you will have to plunge into the history of the language.

The term "name" in Russian denotes that part of the speech that serves to name someone or something. It is necessary in order to identify an object, phenomenon or person in a series of similar ones. Usually in our language, ordinary or substantivized nouns are used for this. The name proper and common can be denoted by words that have passed from other parts of speech. For example, in the phrase "bathroom" the first word will be an adjective, and in the design "go into the bathroom" - a substantivized noun.

Noun is a part of speech (significant, independent), the purpose of which is the name of an object, a person, an object. This full-valued lexeme can refer to animate or inanimate objects. A noun can also be a personal or a synonym. A table, a box, a box, a cow, a shadow are nouns. Basil, Rostov, Petrovich - nouns, denoting the proper name. On their study, a branch of science, called onomastics, specializes.

Proper nouns are a very extensive category.

These include:

• Names of people (Irina, Nikolai Petrovich Lvov, Marivanna (raz.), Petrovna).
• The names of the gods (Zeus, Quetzalcoatl).
• Animal names (Beetle, Muska).
• Geographical names (Vladivostok, the Red Sea, Antarctica).
• The names of books, songs, works of art, etc. ("Hot snow", "Anna Karenina", "La Gioconda", "Swan fidelity").

This classification usually ends with information that students get about the concept of "own name". A deeper study allows us to divide this category into:

• Personal names are those that are given to a person after his birth (Lydia, Peter).
• Patronyms (patronymic) (Vladimirovna, Sergeevich).
• Family names or family names (they can be referred to as surnames).
• Kryptonyms. In some nations, it is customary to hide the real name, and to call a person to others (to deceive evil spirits). This will be a cryptonym.
• Anthroponyms or the names of literary works.
• The eponyms. It is to this category that the proper name assigned to a geographic object in honor of a real hero or mythical deity will refer. For example: Athens, Byzantium, Thebes, etc.

The proper name, denoting the name (geographical), is usually called a toponym, but the science that studies such nouns is toponymic.

Toponyms can also be divided into categories. This is necessary for a more thorough study of them.

Toponyms include:

• Oikonyms or names of inhabited places. And the names of cities are attributed to astionyms, and villages, villages and smaller formations - to comonyms. Lviv, Bataisk, Sinegorje - astionymy. Kryachki (village), Red (farm), Merry (village) - comonyms.
• Hydronyms include the names of water bodies: the Volga, the Black Sea, the Gremuchy stream,
• The names of the mountains are attributed to the Oronim: Ural, Jomolungma, Carpathians.
• Urbanoids (the name of urban local sites): The Pentagon (popular name for a shopping center in Rostov, obtained due to architectural similarity with the same name organization).
• Agoronyms (names of squares): Red, Theater, and gedonima (street names): Shevchenko, the Communist.
• The names of the message paths are attributed to the dromonia: the North Caucasus Railway, the BAM, the Silk Road.
• The names of large uninhabited spaces are called borings, and small ones are called microtoponyms.

There is a detailed classification of other words, which we call "proper name". For example, the names of aircraft ("Ruslan", "Antey", "Black Shark") mean the term "aeronautimones".

The classification of nouns is studied in detail at the philological faculties.