Norms of the literary language

Any language as a social phenomenon is a living, mobile phenomenon, closely related to the life of its bearers. Because the language reflects the history of the people, its culture. And the notion of the norm of the literary language also changed from time to time.

Therefore, the normalization of the current language in general and of the Russian language in particular is a rather complex phenomenon. After all, its signs - and stability, and volatility. Stability, because The spiritual, moral, mental experience of previous generations is fixed in the language, variability is due to the advance of society itself. Therefore, over time, some rules and requirements become obsolete in the language, while others replace them. It sways all language levels - vocabulary, phonetics, orthoepia, morphology, punctuation, stylistics. For example, if in Pushkin's time it was permissible and even correct to say "bed", now at the end of this noun feminine third declension is written a purely letter "b": a bed.

Thus, the norms of the literary language, on the one hand, provide a uniformity in the understanding of written and oral speech, on the other hand - they make it possible to trace how the language changed, what processes took place in it, and what their influence is.

Scope of language norms

Norms of the Russian literary language are usually divided by linguists into so-called general and private ones. General are called so because they function in language in general, and private - in its separate manifestations. For example, in a poetic speech, there are some norms, and in the documents of the official-business style - others.

General norms of the literary language, for example:

• In orthoepy, regulate both the correct utterance of words, phrases, and the correct arrangement in words of stresses. For example, the word "horses", according to the norm, is pronounced like this: [lashid] with an accent on the last syllable;
• In morphology, according to the norm in the noun "oranges", the form of the Genitive is "oranges";
• In the word-formation, the word "little animal" can have two suffixes -shush-and as an option-yushk;
• In the lexicon the words "skillful" and "artificial" have different meanings, and therefore are used in different contexts: "skilful" - as a form of mastery (skillful artist, skillful embroidery) and "artificial" in the sense of "not real, fake" (laughter Sounded strained, artificial).

Separately, one can say about the logical-syntactic norm. It regulates the construction of word combinations, and of them - proposals. If this rule is violated, removing an important semantic element, for example, a word or part of a sentence, the statement will no longer be understandable.

Norms of the literary language, associated with the syntax proper, determine the relationship of words in word combinations, the type of connection, the order of the arrangement of words in sentences. If the syntactic norms are violated, the meaning of the sentence is semantic, and semantic inaccuracies arise: At the meeting, the deputy director spoke extensively on the issue of working with laggards in many subjects to improve their academic performance.

The basic norms of the literary language in spelling are the proper spelling of words. Violation of them leads not only to illiteracy, but also to the difficulty in understanding the written utterance. So, in the sentence "The boy did not stay long and ran to play", in the word "posed" is written AND (SIDA), and not E, otherwise it will turn out that "the boy has seated", i.e. Became gray.

As for punctuation norms, they regulate the division of sentences into intonational-semantic blocks, which are marked with punctuation marks on the letter . This makes it possible to correctly not only construct a statement, but also to understand it. As an example, we can recall the Old Russian texts, in which punctuation marks were absent. Because to read such a text and understand it was quite difficult. A double meaning is also gained by the well-known phrase about execution and pardon. The meaning of it radically changed from the place in which the comma was placed.