Live and inactivated vaccines. Inactivated polio vaccine: instructions, complications. The inactivated vaccine is ...

A vaccine (inactivated) is a drug consisting of viral particles grown in culture that have been destroyed by heat treatment and the action of cellular poison (formaldehyde). Such viruses are cultivated in the laboratory environment to reduce antigenicity and are considered non-infectious (unable to provoke the disease). Killed vaccines are much less productive than living, but with a secondary injection form a fairly strong immunity.

How vaccines are obtained

To create them, as a rule, epizootic harmful viruses are used which are subjected to gentle purification (inactivation) leading to an irrecoverable loss of the susceptibility of the virus to reproduce (reproduce), but its immunogenic and antigenic features are preserved. Therefore, the nucleic acid (viral genome) that the vaccine contains (inactivated) must be killed - this is the environment where it multiplies well.

Polysaccharides, proteins and glycoproteins of the virus should also not change, because the protective reaction depends on the substances of the virus capsid. As a result, he loses the ability to reproduce and become infected, but retains the susceptibility to activating in animals and humans the characteristic factors of immunity.

Manufacturing technology of medicament

Creation of inactivated vaccines begins with the selection of the production strain of the virus, cultivation, and also its accumulation in a sensitive biological construct (cell cultures, animals, embryos of birds). Then the virus-containing raw material undergoes purification and connection in various ways (ultra-, centrifugation, filtration and others).

The vaccine (inactivated) is also the result of saturation, cleansing of viral agents. This process is very important, because the destroyed virus does not spread in the body, and a large amount of viral raw material must be introduced to obtain a strong protective reaction. Suspensions of the virus must be processed from ballast substances (lipids, cell wall residues, non-viral proteins), which exert an extra burden on the body's immunity and significantly reduce the intensity and specificity of protective reactions.

Acquired after saturation and purification, the virus-containing suspension undergoes inactivation. In the situation with especially aggressive viruses, inactivation precedes the action of the treatment. It is necessary to take into account that ballast substances interfere with the inactivation process.

When a vaccine is made influenza (inactivated), for example, a very important point is the choice of inactivator, as well as an ideal inactivation environment, which makes it possible to completely deprive the virus of infectiousness with the greatest saving of antigenicity. But the construction of inactivating reactions is poorly researched, and their application is often experimental.

Properties of inactivated vaccines

To prevent viral diseases, inactivated vaccines are well used, which have a number of superiorities compared to the living ones. An important requirement for their productivity is the quality and abundance of the viral antigen, the selection of an inactivator and suitable conditions for inactivation. The term "inactivated" refers to the vital activity of viruses entering the drug solution.

Live and inactivated vaccines are mostly harvested from virulent viruses, destroying the toxicity both physically and chemically while preserving immunogenicity. These drugs should be harmless and have a lot of viral antigen to provoke a protective reaction and the production of antibodies. The usual course of initial vaccination is 2-3 injections. In the future, you may need a booster to support immunity.

What are their drawbacks?

Inactivated vaccines have a greater degree of unchanged quality, in addition, they are safe. They are used mainly for the purpose of prevention in industries and hazardous areas. However, such medicines differ in some disadvantages:

• The technology of their production is very complex, and this is due to the need to obtain a significant number of virus-containing raw materials, saturation, antigen purification, inactivation of the viral genome, and the inclusion of adjuvants in the vaccine structure;
• Sometimes can cause allergic reactions as a result of secondary vaccination;
• It is necessary to do injections more than once and in large dosages;
• The vaccine (inactivated) is still a weak stimulant for the protection of the body, so the resistance of the digestive tract and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory passages is less evident than after the use of live vaccines;
• They can only be used parenterally;
• Drugs induce insufficiently long and intensive immunity, than with the use of live vaccinations.

What is poliomyelitis and how is it manifested?

Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection that affects the nervous system (colorless matter of the spinal cord). Begin to appear flaccid paralysis, especially the lower extremities. More severe cases of spinal cord injury lead to a cessation of breathing. And here already inactivated polio vaccine may not help.

Clinically, such a disease can be accompanied by an increase in temperature, muscle and headaches with the further formation of immobility. The disease is transmitted from one person to another by sneezing, talking, through water, dirty objects, and food. The cause of infection is considered to be sick people. Infection is instantaneously transmitted, but the assumption that poliomyelitis has occurred appears when the first case of paralysis is already recorded.

The incubation time of the disease from the onset of infection to the onset of the first symptoms lasts 1-2 weeks, and can also be from 4 to 40 days. Viruses penetrate the body through the mucous membranes of the intestine or nasopharynx, they are bred there, and then get into the blood, reach the nerve cells of the spinal cord, and destroy them. So, there are paralysis.

Vaccination against poliomyelitis in children

It should be borne in mind that this disease is a viral infection and there is no special treatment that influences precisely these viruses. The only effective remedy to prevent malaise is an inoculation.

Two methods are used to prevent poliomyelitis:

• Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV), which contains dead wild viruses of the disease and is injected with injections;
• Oral live poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV), which has weak modified living viruses (liquid is dripping into the mouth).

These drugs include 3 types of poliomyelitis viruses, that is, they are protected from all available variants of this infection. However, while in Russia polio vaccines are not manufactured, but there is a foreign medicine "Imovax Polio", it is well-suited for vaccination. In addition, an inactivated polio vaccine Is part of the "Tetrakok" (connecting medicine for the prevention of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus). Both of these funds are used, without violating the laws of trade and at the request of parents. Such vaccines can be administered concomitantly with immunoglobulin.

Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine: instructions

A variety of this drug is produced in liquid form, the packaging is carried in syringes-dispensers of 0.5 ml each. The method of injection is an injection. Infants under 18 months of age are injected subcutaneously into the subscapular region, the shoulder or in the thigh intramuscularly. Older children - only in the shoulder region. No contraindications over time and drinking, no food.

Effects on the body

After the introduction of the vaccine against poliomyelitis, local reactions (this is not a vaccination problem) in the form of redness and swelling, not more than 10 cm in diameter, can occur in 5-8% of the vaccinated patients. Only in 1-5% of cases are common vaccine reactions as a temporary small rise in temperature, the anxiety of the child on the 1-2 day after vaccination.

The preparation "Imovax Polio"

Such a tool is successfully used in Russia. The vaccination is made even for weakened children who have the ailments of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the vaccine against poliomyelitis (inactivated) is divided into 4 stages by injection: at 3, 4 and 6 months. In 18 there is a revaccination.

The grafted baby is not considered contagious to others. However, it is nevertheless recommended to minimize its presence in crowded places during the week after vaccination, because a virus weakened by the virus can become infected with another infection. The injection is done in the thigh or shoulder. Redness of the Imovax administration area is the norm, and the temperature due to grafting can reach 39 degrees or more.

Inactivated polio vaccine: complications

There are some problems that appear after vaccination with complex medicines "Infanriks Hexa", "Pentaxim", "Infarriks IPV", "Tetrakok":

• otitis;
• weakness;
• Toothache and stomatitis;
• Increased lymph nodes;
• anxiety;
• Itching skin rash;
• anaphylactic shock;
• Pain and tightness in the injection zone;
• Sleep disorder;
• Diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
• Fever and spasms at its stage;
• Angioedema;
• nausea;
• diarrhea;
• Vomiting;
• Atypical crying;
• Fever.

Often there are complications, and the load on the child's protective system increases when a polio and DTP vaccine is inoculated . The reaction can be detected both from droplets, and from pertussis-tetanus.

Contraindications

The polio vaccine is not an anti-rabies culture (inactivated) vaccine , which is made from rabies to animals. This is primarily a medicine that protects the child from further paralysis, and possibly from death. Directly before the vaccination, it is necessary to visit the pediatrician to take directions for a general analysis of urine and blood, then hand them over to a medical clinic. Based on the tests done and the baby's examination, the doctor will tell if he can produce the vaccine at the moment. The limitations on vaccination include:

1. Exhaustion.
2. A severe infection or exacerbation of chronic.
3. Teething.
4. Immunodeficiency (decrease in the number of leukocytes).
5. Hypersensitivity to ingredients.
6. Acute inflammatory reaction of any part of the body or its aggravation.
7. Neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue.

After a severe illness or a worsening of the disease, the child can be vaccinated no earlier than 14 days after the cure at normal blood levels. The same contraindications are in cases when the child is healthy, but someone from the household is infected with an infectious disease. As a result of the introduction of the medication (and which inactivated vaccines are already known to everyone), the baby is required to stop the next feeding for a week.

Care must be taken

People who have not vaccinated against poliomyelitis (regardless of age), who suffer from immunodeficiency, can get infected from vaccinated children and get vaccinated-associated poliomyelitis (VAP). There are cases when parents who are infected with AIDS or HIV, as well as relatives with initial immunodeficiency or who take medicines that destroy the body's defense system (when treating oncological diseases) were infected from the vaccinated child.

A vaccine against a disease such as poliomyelitis, if done correctly and by all standards, will help a fragile baby counteract a dangerous and serious illness. And, consequently, will make the child stronger, strengthen his body and protect his parents from the majority of difficulties, experiences that, as a rule, have to be experienced by the family of a very sick child.