Invasion of Batu in Russia (briefly). The Consequences of Batu's Invasion of Russia

The invasion of Batu in Russia (century XIII) - the invasion of the army of the Mongol Empire into the territory of the ancient Russian principalities. This event left a deep imprint in the history of our Motherland. Next, let's look at how Batu invaded Russia (briefly).

Prehistory

Long before Batu the Mongolian feudal lords had plans to conquer Eastern European territory. In the 1220's. Was carried out in some way preparing for a future conquest. An important part of it was the march of the thirty-thousand-strong army of Jebe and Subadeus to the territory of Transcaucasia and South-Eastern Europe in 1222-24. His goal was exclusively intelligence, gathering information. In 1223 there was during this campaign the battle of Kalka. The battle ended with the victory of the Mongols. As a result of the campaign, the future conquerors have thoroughly studied the future battlefields, learned about the fortifications and the troops, and received information about the location of the principalities of Rus. From the Polovtsian steppes, the army of Jebe and Subedea went to Volga Bulgaria. But there the Mongols were defeated and returned to Central Asia through the steppes of modern Kazakhstan. The onset of Batu's invasion of Rus was quite sudden.

Ruin of Ryazan territory

The invasion of Russia by Batu, briefly, was aimed at enslaving the people, seizing and annexing new territories. Mongolians appeared on the southern borders of the Ryazan principality with a demand to pay tribute to them. Prince Yuri asked for help from Mikhail Chernigov and Yuri Vladimirsky. At Batu's headquarters, the Ryazan embassy was destroyed. Prince Yuri withdrew his army, as well as Murom regiments to the border battle, but the battle was lost. To help Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich sent the united army. In it were the regiments of his son Vsevolod, the people of Voevoda Yeremey Glebovich, Novgorod detachments. The forces retreating from Ryazan also joined this army. The city fell after a six-day siege. The sent regiments managed to give battle to the conquerors near Kolomna, but were defeated.

Results of the first battles

The beginning of the invasion of Batu into Rus was marked by the destruction not only of Ryazan, but also of the ruin of the entire principality. The Mongols captured Pronsk, captured Prince Oleg Ingvarevich Red. The invasion of Batu in Russia (the date of the first battle is indicated above) was accompanied by the destruction of many towns and villages. So, the Mongols destroyed Belgorod Ryazan. This city was never restored. Tula researchers identify him with a settlement near the Polosni River, near the village of Beloroditsa (16 km from modern Veneva). Was erased from the face of the earth and Voronezh Ryazan. The ruins of the city stood deserted for several centuries. Only in 1586 a jail was built on the site of the settlement. Destroyed the Mongols and a fairly well-known city of Dedoslavl. Some researchers identify him with a settlement near the village of Dedilovo, along the right bank of the river. Shat.

Attack on the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality

After the defeat of the Ryazan lands, Baty's invasion of Russia was somewhat suspended. When the Mongols invaded the Vladimir-Suzdal lands, they were unexpectedly caught up by the regiments of Evpati Kolovrat-the Ryazan boyar. Due to this suddenness, the squad was able to defeat the invaders, inflicting heavy losses on them. January 20, 1238, after a five-day siege, Moscow fell. On the defense of the city stood Vladimir (Yuri's younger son) and Philip Nyanka. At the head of the 30,000th detachment that defeated the Moscow squad, according to sources, stood Shiban. Yuri Vsevolodovich, going north to the river Sit, began to collect a new squad, while waiting for help from Svyatoslav and Yaroslav (their brothers). In early February 1238, after an eight-day siege, Vladimir fell. In it, the family of Prince Yuri died. In the same February, except for Vladimir, such cities as Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, Galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl fell . The Novgorod suburbs of Lamsky and Vologda were also captured.

The situation in the Volga region

The invasion of Batu into Russia was very ambitious. In addition to the basic, the Mongols also had secondary forces. With the help of the latter, the capture of the Volga region was carried out. Secondary forces led by Burundai for three weeks covered twice as far as the main Mongolian detachments during the siege of Torzhok and Tver, and approached from the direction of Uglich to the City River. Vladimir's regiments did not have time to prepare for the battle, were surrounded and almost completely destroyed. Some of the guards were taken prisoner. But at the same time, the Mongols themselves suffered serious losses. The center of Yaroslav's possessions lay directly on the way of the Mongols advancing towards Novgorod from Vladimir. Pereyaslavl-Zalessky was taken within five days. During the capture of Tver, one of the sons of Prince Yaroslav died (his name was not preserved). The annals do not contain information about the participation in the Battle of the City of Novgorod. There is no mention of any actions of Yaroslav. Some researchers quite often emphasize that Novgorod did not send help to help Torzhok.

Results of seizure of the Volga lands

The historian Tatishchev, speaking of the results of the battles, draws attention to the fact that the losses in the Mongolian units were several times greater than those of the Russians. However, the Tatars replenished them due to prisoners. At that time, there were more of them than the invaders themselves. So, for example, Vladimir's assault began only after the Mongols returned from Suzdal with the prisoners.

The defense of Kozelsk

The invasion of Batu into Russia from the beginning of March 1238 took place according to a certain plan. After the capture of Torzhok, the remnants of the Burunda detachment, uniting with the main forces, suddenly turned in the steppe. Invaders did not reach Novgorod about 100 miles. Different sources give different versions of this turn. Some say that spring slush has become the cause, in others - the threat of hunger. Anyway, the invasion of the troops of Batu in Russia continued, but in another direction.

Now the Mongols are divided into two groups. The main detachment passed east of Smolensk (30 km from the city) and made a stop in the lands of Dolgostim. In one of the literary sources there is information that the Mongols were defeated and fled. After that, the main force moved south. Here the invasion of the Rus of Khan Baty was marked by the invasion of the borders of the Chernigov lands, the burning of Vshchizha, located in the immediate vicinity of the central regions of the principality. According to one source, in connection with these events, four sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich were killed. Then the main forces of the Mongols sharply turned to the northeast. Having bypassed Karachev and Bryansk, the Tatars took possession of Kozelsky. The eastern group, meanwhile, was held in the spring of 1238 near Ryazan. At the head of the detachments were Storms and Kadan. In Kozelsk at that time reigned Basil - 12-year-old grandson of Mstislav Svyatoslavovich. The battle for the city dragged on for seven weeks. By May, 1238, both groups of Mongols had united under Kozelsk and seized it three days later, albeit with great losses.

Further developments

Invasion of the Rus Khan Batu by the middle of the 13th century began to take an episodic character. The Mongols invaded only the borderlands, in the process of suppressing uprisings in the Polovtsian steppes and the Volga region. In the annals, at the end of the narrative of the campaign to the northeast territories, mention is made of the calm that accompanied the invasion of Batu into Russia (the "year of peace" - from 1238 to 1239). After him on October 18, 1239, Chernigov was besieged and taken prisoner. After the fall of the city, the Mongols began to plunder and ravage territories along the Sejm and the Desna. Rylsk, Vyr, Gluhov, Putivl, Gomiy were devastated and destroyed.

Hiking in the territory of the Dnieper

To help the Mongolian troops involved in Transcaucasia, a corps led by Bukdai was sent. This happened in 1240. Approximately in the same period Baty decided to send Munch, Buri and Guyuk home. The remaining detachments regrouped, replenished for a second time at the expense of captive residents and Polovtsians. The next direction became the territory of the right bank of the Dnieper. Most of them (Kiev, Volyn, Galicia and, presumably, the Turovo-Pinsk principality) were in 1240 united under the rule of Daniel and Vasilka, the sons of Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn ruler). The first, considering himself incapable of independently resisting the Mongols, set off on the eve of the invasion of Hungary. Presumably, Daniel's goal was to ask King Belya VI for help in repelling the attacks of the Tatars.

The Consequences of Batu's Invasion of Russia

As a result of the barbarous raids of the Mongols, a huge number of the population of the state died. A significant part of large and small towns and villages was destroyed. Chernigov, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev suffered greatly. Exceptions were Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, the cities of Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk and Suzdal principalities. As a result of the invasion of comparatively development, the culture of large settlements suffered irreparable damage. For several decades, stone construction was almost completely discontinued in the cities. In addition, such complex crafts as the manufacture of glass ornaments, the production of grains, black, cloisonne enamel, and polychrome polychrome ceramics have disappeared. Russia in its development is significantly behind. It was thrown back several centuries ago. And while the Western guild industry was on the stage of initial accumulation, the Russian craft was to again pass that segment of the historical path that had been done before the invasion of Batu.

On the southern lands, the sedentary population disappeared almost completely. The surviving inhabitants left for the forest territories of the northeast, settling along the interfluve of the Oka and the Northern Volga. In these areas there was a colder climate and not so fertile soils as in the southern regions, destroyed and ruined by the Mongols. Trade routes were controlled by Tatars. Because of this, there was no connection between Rus and other overseas states. Socio-economic development of the Fatherland in that historical period was at a very low level.

Opinion of military historians

Researchers note that the process of forming and merging rifle units and regiments of heavy cavalry, which specialized in direct blows with cold weapons, broke off in Russia immediately after the invasion of Batu. During this period there was a unification of functions in the person of the only warrior-feudal lord. He was forced to shoot a bow and at the same time fight with a sword and a spear. From this it can be concluded that even an exceptionally selective feudal part of the Russian army in its development was discarded a couple of centuries ago. Chronicles do not contain information about the existence of individual rifle units. This is understandable. To form them, there were people who were ready to tear themselves away from production and sell their blood for money. And in the economic situation in which Russia was, mercenaries were completely beyond their means.