Emergency care for bronchial asthma. Preparations for bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic allergic disease characterized by bouts of breathlessness or suffocation. The disease occurs in both children and adults. Every year the number of people suffering from this pathology is growing. Many countries, realizing the seriousness of the problem, annually allocate impressive amounts for the treatment and rehabilitation of such patients. On May 4, the world celebrates the day of fighting asthma.

How does the disease develop?

Bronchial asthma in adults and children is one of the manifestations of so-called atopy. This means that the patient's body reacts inadequately to the stimuli familiar to other people. Where a healthy person does not even notice the allergen, the asthmatic suffocates from a sudden attack. Specialists have not yet been able to find out the exact cause of the development of pathology. It is believed that atopic diseases are transmitted by inheritance (more precisely, the propensity to this or that kind of allergy). The negative influence of harmful environmental factors on the development of bronchial asthma was also noted.

Classification

Depending on the cause that caused the disease, bronchial asthma is divided into allergic and non-allergic. In the first case, the source of the problem may be pollen of plants, pet hair, unfamiliar food or the taking of certain medications. Exacerbation of bronchial asthma in this case is clearly tied to contact with the allergen, and, as a rule, it is possible to fairly accurately find out the cause of the attack.

Non-allergic asthma usually develops against the background of other chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. In this case, attacks of suffocation develop during an acute infection, with stress or any other causes not related to the action of the allergen. Emergency care for bronchial asthma in both cases involves the use of drugs that relieve spasm of the bronchi and restore the patient's ability to breathe fully.

Features of the course of the disease

Regardless of the cause that caused the development of the disease, 4 degrees of severity of bronchial asthma are allocated. Knowledge of this classification allows you to choose the right treatment and in time to prevent the development of seizures.

1 degree - intermittent. At the first stage, bouts of the disease develop not more than once a week in the afternoon and 2 times a month at night. Exacerbations are short, the functions of the bronchopulmonary system are not significantly affected.

2 degree - easy persistent. Attacks occur more than once a week. Exacerbations of the disease are more prolonged, with a violation of general condition, physical activity and sleep.

3 degree - persistent moderate. Asthma exacerbations occur daily, leading to a significant deterioration in the quality of life. Nocturnal seizures are repeated weekly. Each situation requires the mandatory use of drugs that dilate the bronchi.

4 degree - severe persistent. Frequent seizures - several times a day, not stopping with conventional non-hormonal drugs. Physical activity is significantly reduced, disturbed by night sleep.

How does the attack develop?

When you come into contact with an allergen or other irritating factor, dyspnea first appears. It becomes difficult for the patient to breathe, it is impossible to inhale the right amount of air. Choking, heaviness in the chest, caused by bronchospasm. After a while there are loud rattles audible from a distance. There is a cough, at first dry, then moist, with viscous sputum. The addition of the last symptom indicates the resolution of the attack and the patient's withdrawal from this condition.

Severe anxiety, fear and thoughts of death persecute the patient. If emergency care for bronchial asthma is not provided on time, complications that are dangerous to human health and life develop. That's why it's so important for every patient to always have drugs that stop the attack. Timely impact on the bronchi allows you to avoid deterioration and do without serious interventions.

Asthmatic status - what is it?

This condition is one of the most frequent complications of bronchial asthma. Persistent spasms of bronchial tubes that do not stop with drugs, cause attacks of suffocation. Cough becomes unproductive, sputum is not separated. The patient takes a forced position - sitting or standing with the body tilted forward. This position allows you to somewhat ease the breathing and wait for the arrival of an ambulance. In the absence of treatment, the patient loses consciousness. In severe cases, asthmatic status can result in a stopping of breathing and death.

Other complications of bronchial asthma

In the event that the treatment was not performed on time or was ineffective, the following conditions may develop:

• Acute heart failure;
• Acute respiratory failure;
• pneumothorax

Emergency care for bronchial asthma

The first step is to remove the allergen that caused the attack. If the source of the problem is unknown, you should remove from the patient all that can cause the attack. There should not be many people around the asthmatic. If the condition allows, the patient should be moved to a quiet quiet place, where he can wait for the attack or wait for the ambulance to arrive.

Before the arrival of specialists should use drugs that cause bronchial dilatation. As a rule, each asthmatic wears inhalers, which allow quickly and effectively to remove the attack of suffocation. If you do not have the right medications at hand, you should sit the patient in the most comfortable position for him (with a torso tilt forward and with the support of the hands)

If the cause of the attack was food containing allergens, activated charcoal or other sorbents will come to the rescue. Do not interfere with antihistamines, as well as various soothing drugs. A warm foot bath will help ease the condition.

Drugs used during an attack

Preparations with bronchial asthma are very diverse. At the stage of rendering pre-medical care , inhalers based on salbutamol are most often used. This simplest blocker of b-adrenoceptors helps to relieve spasm and dilate the bronchi, facilitating the removal of viscous sputum from the body. It is this remedy that should be at hand for every asthmatist who knows about the possible development of an attack. At the first signs of suffocation, 1-2 breaths are done. If necessary, inhalation can be repeated after 5 minutes.

Excellent effect of glucocorticoid preparations. They are issued in the form of inhalations and are prescribed to patients whose attack is not stopped by b-blockers. Preparations with bronchial asthma are widely represented on the pharmacological market, and every asthmatic can choose a suitable remedy after consulting a specialist. It is noted that patients who use inhaled glucocorticosteroids within two years from the onset of the disease significantly improve their quality of life and reduce the frequency of asthma attacks.

Emergency care for bronchial asthma also includes the use of "Eufillina" - a drug that expands bronchial tubes. As a rule, it is used by an ambulance team to stop an attack if the patient does not have inhaled drugs with them. "Eufillin" is administered intravenously, usually combined with "Prednisolone" or other hormonal agents. In a complex these preparations remove an edema, narrow bronchuses and facilitate exit of a sputum. In most cases, the patient's condition improves significantly after using "Euphyllin."

When the asthmatic status appears, the doses of the drugs are increased, plus injections of "Heparin" are added. In the case of coma development, treatment is performed under intensive care. For the prevention of hypoxia, used oxygen is used through a mask in the form of inhalations.

Complications of bronchial asthma, as a rule, require hospitalization in the therapeutic department. With the development of cardiopulmonary insufficiency, it may be necessary to carry the patient on a stretcher with the connection of an artificial lung ventilation device. Hospitalization is also necessary in the development of an attack, not removed by inhalation of "Salbutamol" or glucocorticosteroids, and also in case of asthmatic status.

Forecast

Unfortunately, in many cases the disease progresses, leading to the appearance of various complications. Chronic bronchial asthma is not uncommon among the adult population. Developing in early childhood, it is accompanied by frequent attacks, significantly worsen the quality of life of the patient. Over time, emphysema is formed , characterized by an expansion of the distal parts of the bronchi. Pulmonary tissue is stretched, it turns out to be unable to provide the body with sufficient oxygen. From hypoxia, all organs, primarily the heart and the brain, suffer. Progressive respiratory failure requires the use of more and more serious groups of drugs.

Unfortunately, even with all preventive measures, it is impossible to guarantee the complete absence of seizures. Patients suffering from bronchial asthma should always keep their preparations with salbutamol. Timely rendering of the help will help not only to get rid of unpleasant symptoms, but also to prevent the development of various complications.