Cultural centers of Russia. Institutions of culture

Modern cultural centers are not much like the establishment of the club plan of the times of the USSR, when more than thirteen million people participated in amateur performances. In addition, the houses and palaces of culture existed at the expense of the state, visiting any studios and circles, any kind of amateur performances was free, in contrast to what is happening now. Neither enlightenment, nor leisure tasks before the institutions of the club plan of the Russian Federation are most often not worthwhile.

Terminology

What is the cultural center in the understanding of modern man? Most often this term is used when they want to designate an organization or certain buildings where the diverse values of the surrounding society are concentrated, multiplied and promoted, most often from the field of art or culture. It can be a public art association or a private initiative, but most often cultural centers are run by the state.

The use of the term

This term is used in practice when it is necessary to indicate which category the object belongs to. This refers to either a large multifunctional complex that can cover at the same time several spheres of culture or art forms, that is, institutions and objects with narrow specialization can not be called this term. When the traditional cultural function of the institution is one - this is not the center. For example: a library, a museum, a theater, a concert hall and so on.

In the second case, they speak about the establishment of a cultural plan, which has a confessional, national, social orientation. For example, the Russian cultural center in the state of Monaco, which was founded not so long ago, through the library, the children's school, language courses and the Russian Club, not only supports the native cultural environment among the Russian-speaking people of the surrounding territories, but also introduces the indigenous inhabitants of Monaco to the diversity of Russian realities.

Variety of shapes

It turns out that the boundaries in which this term is used are rather blurred. On the one hand, it is close to the traditional form of the institution, which is represented by the People's Club, the Palace or the House of Culture. And on the other hand, these are such varieties of public organizations as national associations or art centers.

It can be exhibition galleries, libraries and concert halls, if there is carried out all educational and educational work, that is, if these organizations are broad, where culture and science cooperate.

Character traits

Nevertheless, one important feature of the institution of culture must be present without fail, regardless of its type - it is a non-profit basis for activities. And also the promotion of a culture of a multilateral and complex nature. If they talk about the city, for example, that St. Petersburg is an important industrial, transport and cultural center, it does not mean a separate institution.

You can also say about the distinctive features of a certain area, that is, the same term, only in "urban" use. For example, there is a place in the city where all theaters, concert halls, libraries, stadiums and even a zoo are concentrated. Perhaps, it happened historically, but it is quite likely that this is the plan of the "fathers of the city".

Admittedly, many modern cities are built on this principle: the infrastructure - kindergartens, schools, hospitals, public gardens and parks in remote neighborhoods are present, and cultural buildings are removed beyond their borders. This is the area where they are concentrated, it is quite possible to call the cultural center of the city. And this will be the next value.

Public Council

In 2008, under the Ministry of Culture, options were developed for the planning of cultural centers in order to optimally relate their filling and costs. The schedule of creation of such institutions in small cities of the country is also compiled. In Moscow, the Public Council was created in the number of fifty people, among them were journalists, architects, museum workers, writers, artists. The rich experience of the Soviet time was discussed, when cultural institutions were present even in the smallest settlements and were extremely functional.

In each were a variety of children's circles and studios, choirs, folk theaters, clubs for interests, periodically held all sorts of mass events, amateur art shows. In the construction of cultural centers, this experience should have been taken into account. In 2015, about fifty such institutions had to open already.

Club or House of Culture

In the USSR, every House or Palace of Culture was necessarily the center of educational and cultural-mass work. The classification of such institutions was as follows: territorial clubs and cultural centers under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture; Departmental - under the management of the trade union of the enterprise, educational institution, institution and so on; Clubs for the intelligentsia: Teacher's House, Writer's House, Architect's House, Artist's House and others; House of Culture of a separate state farm or collective farm; House of officers; House of Folk Art; Palace for pioneers and schoolchildren.

Club institutions of other countries

The countries of the former USSR and the Warsaw Pact, like the Russian Federation, are now moving away from the names of the Soviet era. The houses of culture are now called magnificently: the Palace of Congresses, the Concert Hall or the cultural center. However, in many places old names remain due to traditions. In addition to socialist countries, similar institutions (and not by name, but by their very nature) exist in many capitalist countries for a long time and function successfully.

A lot of cultural buildings in Latin America (they are called - Centro cultural), in Spain. Extremely developed folk art and public activities in Germany, for example, in the House of Culture of the Peoples of the World in Berlin, concerts, plays, festivals, exhibitions are held, and all these mass events are prepared with the support of the government, but on a voluntary basis. In France and Canada, the institutions of the club plan are called the houses of culture (Maison de la Culture), and their activities are absolutely similar to the clubs of our country of the Soviet era. In Montreal alone, there are twelve such houses of culture.

Arkaim

Cultural centers have always existed throughout Russia, and now new ones are being created: parks with natural and landscape themes, as well as with historical and archaeological sites. There are many places in the country where such remote times are studied, of which even folklore already does not remember anything.

Very popular are the centers where culture and science interact, for example, the city of Arkaim (Chelyabinsk region), where two seemingly unremarkable hills were discovered by which archeologists were interested. This discovery became sensational.

First, representatives of all kinds of esoteric groups flocked there, then the study of the terrain passed under the wing of the state, and a reserve was formed. By the way, he is not alone: "The Country of Cities" of the South Urals has twenty-four such places, where the cultural center is a city.

Interesting move

The experimental site, from which the reserve began to settle, gradually opened a number of ancient dwellings of the seventeenth century BC. First, the reconstruction touched one of them, and they did it without modern tools, using only those that are made exactly as samples of the Bronze Age found during excavations.

Thus, a cultural and historical center was born, called the Museum of Ancient Production. Tourists can not only look at the structures of the age of the pyramids, but also take part both in experiments, and in the construction itself, in the reconstruction of dwellings. Only here more cherytyoshosh interesting archaeological sites, you can join the culture of different eras.

Tatar fortification

Institutions of culture have many kinds: they are libraries, museums, theaters, cultural centers and palaces. And there are complex, syncretic plans, such as the NOCC on the outskirts of Stavropol. He served as a base for the historical monument "Tatar Castle", a local history museum and a local university. Cultural centers joined together to ensure that scientific work, security and museum (exposition) combined with cultural and entertainment and educational activities on the territory of this archaeological paleolandscape park.

This is a very complex, we can say - a multi-layered monument, operating in four historical periods: Khazar, Sarmatian, Scythian and Koban. Cultural centers of Russia almost never have so well-preserved fortification, religious buildings, with systems of roads, cemeteries and many other objects, along which it is possible to trace different aspects of the life of our very distant ancestors - from the eighth century BC. It is also the ruins of ancient walls, strewn with centuries-old shards of pitchers and pots, ashes of fires and hearths, which were extinguished hundreds and hundreds of years ago.

Prospects

Preservation and use of archaeological heritage, as a rule, passes through the creation of such complexes on the basis of open-air museums that will combine scientific, educational and many entertaining activities, that is why many cultural centers of historical and cultural direction are now open and preparing for opening.

In small towns the basis for their functioning can be any community of local lore with the support of the local administration. Even the House of Culture can be a starting point for the creation of a center for studying the historical heritage of the region. The road will be mastered by the going, so in every way it is necessary to help enthusiasts starting this way. Almost all successful enterprises start with a small one, here you can recall the museum of technology Vadim Zadorozhny, located in the suburbs. Cultural institutions should enjoy the full support of the state.

Problems of small towns development

The government is interested in creating new educational and entertainment facilities in the form of historical and cultural centers in small cities of Russia. The materials of the government as early as 2013 have been worded, indicating the purpose for such work.

The cultural centers of Russia are very unevenly distributed. Most of all their concentrations in large cities. Therefore, there is a disproportion in the quantity, quality and diversity of cultural services that citizens receive on the territory of the country. The cultural centers of Moscow or St. Petersburg can not be compared by these parameters with the services offered to residents of remote small settlements. And to create new opportunities for creativity, self-realization, physical development, spiritual enrichment is necessary for everyone without exception.

On the territory of Russia there live many dozens of different nationalities, and cultural centers can promote a full-fledged cultural exchange between neighboring nationalities. Quality of life with good work of unifying multifunctional centers will contribute to improving the quality of life of the population, regardless of place of residence. Also, this way will help develop the infrastructure of the village or city, even create new jobs. Outflow of population from small towns will be prevented.