Historical monuments of Russia. Description of historical monuments of Moscow

Historical monuments of Russia, according to 2014, represent an extensive list of 1007 units, of different significance. Each object of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation has a certain degree of artistic value. Some historical monuments of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To date, there are 26 such objects, of which 10 belong to the cultural sphere, 6 are recognized as masterpieces of world significance, and 10 more are natural phenomena on the territory of the Russian Federation with signs of special aesthetic appeal.

The prospect of recognition

Twenty-four Russian monuments are at the stage of joining UNESCO's registers under the 1988 Convention for the Protection of the World's Natural and Cultural Heritage. Historical monuments that are under the protection of the state are, first of all, objects of special significance possessing the status of inviolability.

Accounting and systematization

In order to represent a cultural object, it is necessary to make a description of a historical monument with a chronology of events accompanying its appearance. As a rule, these are epoch-making periods of time. Important role of the monument in the public life of the country, often it has educational and patriotic significance. The description of the historical monument in this case becomes mandatory, it should be included in the programs of secondary and higher educational institutions.

The popularity of Russian masterpieces

There are a number of Russian textbook cultural objects that are familiar to every citizen. These are historical monuments, known not only in Russia, but also abroad. Their significance can not be overestimated. First of all, these are historical monuments of Moscow, among them the St. Basil's Cathedral, the Red Square, the Kremlin, the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. All of them are concentrated in the center of the Russian capital. Other historical monuments of Moscow are in some distance, but this does not detract from their dignity. All cultural objects are protected by the government.

World culture

Historical monuments of the world are located in different parts of the world. This is the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Reichstag in Berlin, the Taj Mahal in India, the pyramids of the pharaohs in Egypt and many others. Historical monuments are never destroyed, except for the barbaric terrorist actions of extreme extremists.

Civilized society refers to the heritage of the past with respect, historical monuments are protected and kept in proper form. For this, there are various state and private funds for the preservation of cultural objects.

Exhibits in the open air

Monuments of historical heritage usually number more than one hundred years. The most vulnerable part of the cultural layer is architectural masterpieces that suffer from unfavorable climatic conditions. Therefore, cultural and historical monuments of architecture must be protected from destruction. Some of them are given to the will of nature, as, for example, the world-famous Colosseum. This monument is recognized as a world heritage largely due to its dilapidated forms.

Architectural masterpieces

Most of the historical monuments of culture are maintained in good condition, as they are the current exhibits of the World Cultural Heritage Exhibition. Such objects include the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow, St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Sergiev Posad churches.

In general, all the cultural and historical monuments of Russia are under the protection of the state and under the supervision of the relevant structures. Government guardianship agencies do everything to preserve the masterpieces that make up the country's Gold Fund.

Types of historical monuments

Cultural values are divided into categories, including rarities and masterpieces of different eras. Monuments that are of historical significance constitute a separate group, although they are in different places. They can be divided into the following categories:

• Monuments of architecture (for example, Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg).
• Monuments of Glory (Motherland in Volgograd).
• Monuments to historical figures (Bronze Horseman - equestrian statue of Peter I in Petersburg).
• Statues as images of personalities who left a mark on history (Alexander I, St. Isaac's Square in St. Petersburg).
• Thematic monuments (Sevastopol Bay, the memorial of the lost ships).
• Natural monumental formations (Krasnoyarsk posts).

Historical city-monuments

On the territory of Russia there are special cultural entities with ethnographic value. These are cities with an unusual historical past. An example is the city-monument of Yeniseisk, which in its development has passed several eras. From the thirteenth century it was divided and united, it became the center of fur trade, then it was shaken by a gold rush.

Historical places-monuments are also places of heroic battles: Kursk, Sevastopol, Volgograd and others. "Nobody is forgotten, nothing is forgotten" - their motto, passed through the decades.

Famous Russian monuments

• The historical center of St. Petersburg with several cultural monuments: the Winter Palace (the Hermitage), the Palace Square, the Alexander Column.
• Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg architect A.N. Voronikhin (the years of construction - 1801 - 1811). It was erected to store the icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. In 1812, from the cathedral, the Russian army went to war with Napoleon. The church was crowned by the Emperor Paul I. The Kazan Cathedral, among other things, serves as the burial vault of Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.

• The Moscow Kremlin with museum complexes and churches.
• Red Square, Pokrovsky Cathedral, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, GUM, Mausoleum, Historical Museum.
• Cultural complex "Solovetsky Islands" in the White Sea, which in 1992 entered the UNESCO heritage list.
• The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost: The Transfiguration Church of the twenty-three chapters, a masterpiece of Russian church wooden architecture of the early 18th century. Pokrovskaya church with a unique collection of icons and a bell tower of later construction.
• The ancient city of Novgorod and its environs, which include four monasteries: Yuryev, Zverin, Antoniev and Znamensky. Christmas Church in the Red Field.
• The Astrakhan Kremlin is a fortress built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible in 1558. On its territory are: the Assumption Cathedral (five-domed, with an arched gallery), the Kirillov Chapel, Prechistenskie Gate with a bell tower, the Bishop's House Church, the Consistory, the Holy Trinity Cathedral, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra architectural complex in Sergiev Posad.
• The historical center of Yaroslavl has a thousand years. The main buildings were erected during the urban planning reform of Catherine II in 1763. In 2005, the city was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

• The oldest city of Pskov. Since 1348, it was considered the capital of the independent republic of Pskov. In 1510 he was annexed to the Great Moscow Principality. Now it is the center of tourist pilgrimage. Among the most notable attractions are the Kremlin, Pogankiny Chambers, Pskov Fortress, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Mirozhsky Monastery.
• Izmailovo is an architectural monument, a former royal estate. In 1812 the main building suffered during Napoleon's invasion. Thirty-eight years later, Izmailovo opened a military almshouse, which was housed in specially built for this new buildings.
• Vladimir-Suzdal historical and artistic reserve, part of the Golden Ring of Russia. It contains unique architectural monuments of 12-13 centuries, white-stone masterpieces, the importance of which can not be overestimated.
• Tanais is a museum of archeology. It is located in the mouth of the Don. The territory of the reserve - about three thousand hectares, it contains historical and cultural monuments of the past, since the Paleolithic era. Exposition of the museum, among other things, reflect the period of the heyday of ancient Greek civilization.

Famous natural monuments

• Lake Baikal is a nature reserve of world importance - the deepest on the planet. It has a unique ability to self-purification.
• Volcanoes of Kamchatka, of which 29 are active. Some erupted for the last time four thousand years ago, but they can not be extinguished because there is boiling lava in the bowels. From the mouth of this volcano periodically bursts of steam and gases, which means that it is in the stage of fumarolic activity.
• The Golden Altai Mountains - a unique landscape formation, consisting of rocky elevations of indescribable beauty, spread out on a territory of sixteen thousand square kilometers. The natural monument is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.
• The Curonian Spit is a narrow sand strip 98 km long, connecting Lithuania's Klaipeda with the Kaliningrad region and dividing the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea.
• The Putorana Plateau is a unique landscape reserve, occupying about two million square kilometers on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. It is distinguished by a rare combination of climatic ecosystems, forest-tundra is adjacent to the arctic desert. In the region there are many untouched lakes, rivers, taiga thickets. Tundra migrates tens of thousands of wild deer.
• Lena Pillars - a natural park on the banks of the Lena. A series of vertical rocks stretching for several kilometers, appeared as a result of tectonic shocks about 400 thousand years ago. The Lena Pillars are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012.