Education, Secondary education and schools
Crimean peninsula. Map of the Crimean peninsula. The area of the Crimean peninsula
The peninsula has a multi-level relief. In the north and in the center there is a steppe relief, it occupies ¾ of the territory of the Crimea, in the south it is confined to three ridges of gently sloping sedimentary Crimean mountains, stretching a strip with a length of 160 km. The southern coast is pleased with its resort facilities. Accordingly, in the climatic plan the area of the Crimean peninsula includes three recreational zones:
- the most popular - the subtropical (southern coast of the Crimea) ;
- the Crimean steppe;
- Mountain Crimea.
Millions of tourists in the summer become guests of his friendly cities: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Theodosia. These are the largest cities of the peninsula, a brief description of some of them we will present below. According to statistics, currently for the season the peninsula is visited by 5-6 million tourists. Is this a lot or a little? For comparison, 31.456 million tourists visited the resorts of Turkey in 2011. It's all about infrastructure and promotion. As we see, the Crimea has something to strive for ...
The population of Crimea
The population of the Crimean peninsula, according to the Krymstat data as of 01.01.2014, is more than 2.342 million people and has a tendency to increase. The reason is in the migration attractiveness of the Crimea. Urban residents at the same time have a specific weight on the peninsula of 62.7%, and rural, respectively - 37.3%. In national terms, according to the 2001 census, the Crimean population is represented predominantly by Russians (58.3%), Ukrainians (24.3%), Crimean Tatars (12.1%), Byelorussians (1.5%). The remaining nationalities in the population of the peninsula occupy a much smaller share - less than 1%.
By the way, the 2001 census of the Crimean population showed an interesting fact: there are more Izhors (a small number of Finnish-Ugric people) residing on its territory than in their historical homeland.
Cities of Crimea
The administrative, cultural and industrial center of Crimea is the 360-thousandth city of Simferopol. In Greek, its name sounds like a "city of good". This is the most important transport hub. It is through it that roads lead to all the settlements of the peninsula.
Significant industry of Simferopol: about 70 large enterprises, including the factories "Foton", "Pnevmatika", "Santechprom", "Krymprodmash", "Fiolent" and others. Accordingly, the city's population is quite qualified. In the city are the main universities of the peninsula, so it is called the scientific center of the Crimea. Let us also recall that Simferopol is the small homeland of Academician Igor V. Kurchatov, actor Roman Sergeevich Filippov, singer Yuri Iosifovich Bogatikov.
The city of Sevastopol was built by the decree of Empress Catherine II as a fortress. It is of strategic importance in the Black Sea region as an ice-free port and a sea base. Since 2014, according to the Russian Constitution, Sevastopol is of federal importance, being the main base of the Black Sea Fleet.
In accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, Sevastopol was given a special status. The industrial potential of the "city of Russian seamen" is determined by the local fishing port, fish cannery and combine, Inkerman winery, shipbuilding and ship repair factories. The city of Sevastopol, in addition, is a significant resort center of the southern Black Sea coast, numbering about 200 sanatoria and 49 kilometers of beaches.
One of the oldest cities in the world is Kerch, in its place in the 7th century AD. E. The Greeks founded the city of Panticapaeum. The industry of Kerch is represented by mining, metal processing, shipbuilding, construction, fishing enterprises. The resort cities of Crimea with a population exceeding 100 thousand are Evpatoria and Yalta, more than 83 thousand inhabitants in Feodosia. The map of the cities of the Crimean peninsula shows that most of them are on the coast. Exceptions are Simferopol, Belogorsk and Dzhankoy.
It should be noted that the existing urban structure of the Crimea is balanced historically. The further urbanization of the peninsula is hindered by the limited water resources.
Near past. All-Union health resort
Crimea, the Black Sea ... these words were familiar to every Soviet person. How many people were on the peninsula? It is difficult to find exact statistics. Officially, the figure of 10 million is indicated. However, it was compiled based on the data of sanatorium establishments.
At the same time, very significant streams of vacationers went to the Crimea on their own and organized their own rest also themselves. However, they did not fall into the official statistics. We are talking about the so-called "savages". One of the authors of the Literary Gazette in the 60s released a joke in their address. He said that this method of recreation became so popular in the USSR that the word "savage" began to be used without quotes.
In their suitcases there was a map of the Crimean peninsula, and they chose the route and the place of rest themselves ... How to count them? In order to take into account the number of citizens who vacation on their own, informal "bread" technology was used. The calculation is simple: almost all citizens consume bread daily. For one person a day, on average, there are 200-250 grams. Growth of consumption of bread in the holiday season and allowed to determine the number of "savages". It was impressive statistics: if in 1958 there were about 300 thousand, then in 1988 - 6.2 million people.
Thus, the Soviet Crimea in the holiday season (from May to September) provided its recreational resources for 16 million Soviet people. And if you consider that Turkey's holiday season is twice as long, then we come to the conclusion: Crimea in the 80s of the last century provided a rest to the flow of people commensurate with modern Turkish, true, if we take into account the "savages".
Natural resources
The Crimea is endowed with significant deposits of natural gas, oil, mineral salts, iron ore. Preliminary calculations so estimate the total volume of gas fields - more than 165 billion cubic meters, oil - about 47 million tons, iron ore - more than 1.8 billion tons.
Despite the effective extraction of minerals, the Crimean peninsula, according to experts, has much greater potential due to the unique natural resources that are promising for the creation on it of a year-round base of medical rehabilitation of the international level.
Their utmost use is a strategic task for the entire economy of the Crimea.
This peninsula is original and is able to surprise. On 5.8% of its territory there are objects and lands belonging to reserve funds.
Reserves of fresh water in Crimea are the subject of many discussions. Although the map of the Crimean peninsula also shows the presence of 257 local rivers, the largest of which are Alma, Belbek, Kacha, Salgir, but almost all of them have limited food from the mountains and dry up in the summer. 120 Crimean rivers - no longer than 10 km, it is more like mountain streams than rivers. The longest is Salgir (204 km).
There are many lakes on the peninsula, more than 80. However, these ponds are of marine origin, they are lifeless because of the high salinity of the water. Such lakes do not promote the development of agriculture, oppressing the soil.
On the one hand - the significant climatic agricultural potential of the region, and on the other hand - insufficient water determined the need for intervention in this imbalance on the part of the individual. Crucial for water supply is the North Crimean Canal, which supplies the Dnieper with water to the peninsula. Its volume in 2003 was 83.5% of the total water supply in the Crimea.
Thus, the artificial construction of the three lines of the canal compensated for water shortage, which could not be objectively provided either by its own rivers of the Crimean peninsula or its lake. By the way, the share of rivers in the region's water supply is only 9.5%.
Steppe part of Crimea extracts drinking water from artesian basins. Its specific gravity is also low - 6.6% of the total. Although they produce clean, quality water from wells.
Statistics show that one inhabitant of Crimea has an average daily water volume of 4.7 times less than for an inhabitant of the middle lane. In addition, the cost of water in the Crimea is also traditionally higher.
Flora of the Crimea
If in the center and in the north of the peninsula lie arable land, then in the mountains there is a riot of pristine flora. There, to the delight of specialists, there are 240 species of unique, endemic plants. The northern slopes of the Crimean mountains are covered with a thick deciduous forest, below grow oak groves, above - oak and hornbeam. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with pine forests. Among the conifers - endemic Crimean pine.
The nature of the Crimean peninsula is exceptionally favorable for the creation of cultivated dendroparks of the southern coast, numbering hundreds and thousands of plants harmoniously planted by specialists. If the wild vegetation is represented by shrub thickets (shibliak), then the cultivated seaside parks are man-made pearls of this ancient land. A special place among them belongs to the oldest Nikitsky botanical garden, which presents to tourists plants from all over the world. However, Massandrovsky, Livadia, Foros, Vorontsovsky parks also have masterpiece dendrology collections from hundreds of plants. And this is not a complete list of the Crimean dendrology plantations.
History. Ancient world
The history of Crimea is attractive and rich in events. Its territory has long attracted conquerors. Some of the original inhabitants, the Cimmerians, who lived in the 12th century, were superseded by the Scythians. Other indigenous inhabitants, the Taurians, who lived in the foothills and mountains, assimilated with the conquerors. Crimea became part of the Scythian state.
In the V century BC. E. The Greeks used the Crimean peninsula to found their colonies on the south coast (Taurica, as they called it): Chersonese, Kafa, Pantikapaia. At this stage, it was not about the statehood of the peninsula, but rather about the Greek colonization of the coast. At the same time, the steppes were owned by the Scythians.
Recall that Crimea is also called the cradle of Russian Orthodoxy. It was here, on the land of Chersonesus, in the 1st century AD. E. The Apostle Andrew the First-Called landed, preaching to the Taurus and the Scythians.
63 AD E. It was marked by the annexation of the Crimea by the Roman Empire, which took control of the cities built by the Greeks. After the fall of this mighty power, the peninsula was subjected to several attacks. In the III century BC. E. The Crimea was conquered by natives of Scandinavia - Goths, and in the IV century AD. E. They were replaced by later aggressors - Huns, nomads from Asia.
Since VI century in the Crimean steppes were dominated by the Turkic-speaking tribes that formed the Khazar Khaganate. This fact we once again remember in this article.
Crimean city-colonies on the coast came under the jurisdiction of the heiress of Rome - Byzantium. Byzantines strengthen Chersonese, new fortresses are growing: Alushta, Gurzuf, Eski-Kerman, Inkerman and others. With the weakening of Byzantium on the territory of the coast, the Genoese form the principality of Theodoro.
Middle Ages
Christianity developed on the peninsula and in the Middle Ages. In Chersonese was baptized the holy prince Vladimir, who subsequently spread the Christian faith to all of Russia.
Since the VIII century AD. E. In the steppe part of the peninsula, Slavic colonization took place, which was of a limited character in time, as the attention of Kievan Rus was given priority to the western borders, and the nomads conducted an active and aggressive policy of raids.
In the XII century the Crimean peninsula became Polovtsian. This era is illustrated by the individual Polovtsian names that remained until our time: Ayu-Dag ("Bear Mountain"), Artek (the son of the Polovtsian Khan).
After the conquest of the entire peninsula, including the principality of Theodoro, by the Tatar-Mongols in the 13th century, its center became the city of Solhat (located on the territory of the modern small town of Stary Krym.). The peninsula is part of the huge Tatar-Mongolian state of the Golden Horde.
New story
At a time when the peoples finally became sedentary and the nations were being created, the indigenous nation of the peninsula - the Crimean Tatars - emerged. In 1475 the peninsula was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, and the capital of the Crimea became Kafa. The Turkish state of Porta became an ally of the Crimean Tatars, who were dependent on it. The Ottoman Empire built on its peninsula its military bridgeheads. At Perekop, the conquerors built the strategic fortress of Or-Kalu.
The history of the Crimean peninsula of the new time (counted from the Renaissance) is connected with the wars of Russia against the Crimean Khanate. In particular, in 1736 the army of Christopher Antonovich Minich, and in 1737 - the army of Peter Petrovich Lassia, it was significantly weakened. Khan Kyrym Geray, politically trying to create an alliance with the states of the West, died suddenly in 1769.
The second army under the command of the general-anshef Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov during the Russian-Turkish war on 14.06.1770 and on July 29, 1770, two strategic victories over the Crimean Tatars were won: on the Perekop line and at the Cafe. The statehood of the indigenous inhabitants of this region was lost. Map of the Crimean peninsula from 1783 instead of the Crimean Khanate reflected the Tauride province, which belongs to Russia.
The scam of the century. Crimean California
In the 20th century, already in Soviet times, this region became the object of ambiguous geopolitics. October 18, 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed here - a component of the RSFSR.
Meanwhile, before the Soviet authorities arose the problem of the development of the region. If the Black Sea coast of the Crimea was sufficiently densely populated, this could not be said of its steppe part. In the Crimean steppe there was clearly not enough human resources. There was an idea of creating agricultural Jewish settlements for the transformation of the semi-desert steppe into cultivated lands. The history of the Crimean peninsula, as we see, had an alternative development perspective.
In 1922, the Jewish international organization "Joint" applied to the Soviet government with a favorable proposal. It undertook to invest agriculture in 375 thousand hectares of the Crimean peninsula, and for this the RSFSR, accordingly, was offered to realize the old dream of the Jews who are looking for the promised land - to establish here the Jewish ASSR.
This proposal had historical roots. In the 8th-10th centuries the Khazar Khaganate, which existed on the territory of the peninsula, professed Judaism.
In the Central Executive Committee of the USSR under the Council of Nationalities was set up a separate committee for the land employment of Jews. The committee developed a 10-year plan for the deployment of up to 300,000 Jewish settlers in the steppe part of the Crimea.
19.02.1929 between the CEC of the RSFSR and "Joint" an agreement was signed on the development of the Crimean lands. In the world this project is better known as "Crimean California". For its implementation, the international Jewish organization issued securities worth $ 20 million, bought by American and European private capital. Total - $ 26 million (at the current rate - approximately $ 1.82 billion) of investments passed through the open in Simferopol branch of the bank "Agro-Joint".
In 1938, Stalin folded the project, but the question on it was raised during the Second World War. JDC shareholders wanted compensation. At the Tehran conference, they were voiced to Stalin by the American President Roosevelt. However, during the Cold War, the dispute was resolved by General Secretary Khrushchev using the "gordian knot" method. 19.02.1954. The Crimean region was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR from the RSFSR. Treaty of the USSR with the "Joint" lost its force: the subject of the dispute did not belong to the RSFSR.
Crimea as part of Ukraine
The territory of the Crimea, having become part of the Ukrainian SSR, required significant resources for its development. About 300 thousand people were deported from this region on the eve, there were obviously not enough workers. In the fighting of the Great Patriotic War, a significant part of the male population died. The agriculture of the peninsula itself could not get out of the crisis and reach the pre-war level. There were not enough roads.
In 1958, the Ukrainian SSR from its budget allocated funds for the construction of the longest trolleybus route in the world, linking Simferopol with Alushta and Yalta. In 1961-1971, a strategically important artificial canal was also built, irrigating the steppe lands of the Crimea at the expense of the Kakhovka water reservoir of the Dnieper. Since then, viticulture and horticulture began to develop in a planned and progressive manner.
However, after 1991, a dangerous downward trend has emerged in the development of the peninsula's agriculture. The reason for this is the high cost of purchasing modern agricultural technologies for farmers and the state's insufficient support of the agricultural sector of this problem region. As a result, more than halved crop areas and, correspondingly, the water supply decreased by the North-Crimean Canal.
Crimea today
The current political crisis in relations between Russia and Ukraine has a significant impact on the economy of the peninsula. Guided by the results of the referendum of the population of Crimea (2014), the RSFSR annexed it to itself as a subject of the federation. Ukraine, for its part, did not recognize the legitimacy of this referendum and considers the Crimea annexed.
The disbalance of economic ties, generated by the Russian-Ukrainian "trade wars", oppresses the economy of the region. In fact, the holiday season has failed. Agriculture suffers because of inconsistency in its water supply. However, the population of the peninsula is waiting for these temporary difficulties to be overcome. The Russian Federation, for its part, is establishing its state infrastructure in the Crimea. After all, it is not enough that the map of Russia is enlarged with a nominally new republic. The Crimean peninsula is currently undergoing a difficult path of economic, legal integration into Russian society.
Ukraine and the G-7 countries, as already mentioned, did not recognize the legitimacy of the referendum. Hence the difficulty in obtaining a proper international status for the peninsula. There are also issues related to the position of the Crimean Tatars, that is, the indigenous population.
However, the story continues, and the population of Crimea, of course, expects federal investment in the economy of its land. In many ways, his choice of statehood was determined by the expectations of the development of the region. What will be the future for the unique peninsula? The question is still open.
Conclusion
What are the prospects for this amazing region? Let us recall the lessons of history. At a time when one of the last secretaries of the USSR, Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, tried to "strengthen labor discipline" by activating control over absenteeism and preventing theft, more constructive processes took place in the country on the other side of the Black Sea ... The Crimean peninsula at that time had more A powerful sanatorium base than Turkey.
In the 1980s, the international investment process in the resort industry was clearly planned economically in Turkey, legally defined and launched by the entire state machine. The country, whose GDP fell by 10% during the global crisis, was building a new promising income line in the budget - the spa business. International agreements on the regime of capital investments for private investors equal in rights with residents were reached.
At the same time, foreign investors were not only released (partially or fully) from taxes and duties when making capital investments in a sanatorium, but they also received the right to unrestricted participation in them. They were also guaranteed return of funds and repatriation of capital, if the investment "failed".
Obviously, the Crimean peninsula should be developed economically in a similar way. Photos of his resorts after such investments can compete with pictures taken in the sanatoriums and water parks of Turkish Antalya.
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