Crime: categories of crimes. Criminal law: the concept, types and categories of crimes

In this article, the topic of unlawful acts will be revealed, and all existing categories of criminal offenses will be described. The legislator fixed the types of criminal acts in the Criminal Code and, for convenience, divided them into chapters. The categories of crimes can also be characterized in accordance with the adjacent characteristics that are present in the deed.

The concept of crime

The basis for liability is an act that includes all signs of wrongfulness. Crime is characterized by public danger to others, its commission provides for liability, established by the Criminal Code.
The signs of such an act include:

• Social danger;
• guilt;
• Wrongfulness;
• Punishability.

Types of crime

The legislator fixes certain criteria, thanks to which it is possible to characterize any crime. Categories of crimes involve acts against:

• Public order and security;
• Personality;
• Property;
• Related to economic activity;
• Health and public morality;
• Interests of the service in commercial organizations;
• Operation of transport and traffic;
• Environmental crimes;
• State security and constitutional order;
• State power;
• Justice.

Acts against public order and security

Legislation provides for certain categories of crimes. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation allocates acts against public order and security. These crimes include actions that violate the norms of behavior established by the state in society (conditions of work, life, rest). They can be divided into these types:

• Acts against public safety (articles 113 and 114);
• Public order (articles 215-217 and 219);
• Crimes against security using socially dangerous substances, materials, items (Article 220-226).

Crimes against the person

These are acts that are directed against the personal freedoms of citizens, private life, honor, childhood or motherhood. The object of encroachment in this case is a person, as well as social relations, which are related to the implementation and realization of human rights (social, biological, family, constitutional). These crimes are divided into these types:

• Acts against health;
• Honor, dignity, freedom;
• Sexual freedom or inviolability;
• Minors and families;
• Constitutional freedoms and human rights.

Offenses against property

Intentional or reckless action, violating the right of possession or causing damage to the property owner - these signs form a general concept of crime. Categories of crimes can be as follows:

1. Fraud, theft, embezzlement or appropriation, robbery.
2. Damage or destruction of someone else's property.
3. Causing property damage without theft.

The object of the crime is relations that ensure the normal functioning of all existing forms of property.

Economic crime

Categories of crimes include acts committed in the distribution, production, exchange or consumption of services and goods of the material world.
The object is the relationship arising in the course of economic activity in the division, production or consumption of material goods. Also, the relationship should be attributed to the object, which are formed as a result of economic activity. The subjective side, as a rule, is characterized by guilt in the form of direct intent.

Acts against health and public morality

The wrongfulness, the obstruction of the normal functioning of a favorable human environment - these are the main features that characterize this crime. The categories of crimes against health and morality are most of all taken care of by the state.

Health of the population is an important social value, provided with economic, political, medical and legal measures.

Public morality is a set of rules and norms of behavior, reflecting the notion of evil and good, honor and justice.

Acts against the interests of service in commercial organizations

This crime implies a deliberate action related to the management of the organization and creates a threat of causing significant harm to the legitimate interests of the state and society. The object of the crime is the relationship through which commercial organizations function . The objective side is expressed in the form of inaction or action, which is aimed at committing acts that harm other people's interests. The subjective side is shown guilty in intentional form.

Ecological crime

The categories of crimes of this kind are characterized by public danger, harming the ecological order and the environment as a whole.
The complex relations that have developed in the process of using natural resources and are subject to protection by the state are considered to be the object.
The subjective side is guilt in the form of negligence or direct intent.

Acts against the exploitation and traffic

This is a crime that violates the functioning of transport relations aimed at ensuring the safety of human health and life. The object of crime is the safety of the movement of a particular type of vehicle. The objective side is manifested in the form of action or inaction, which has resulted in negative consequences. The subjective side fails in the form of an imprudent form of guilt, when the perpetrator foresees the occurrence of undesirable consequences and, without sufficient grounds, presumptuously trying to prevent their coming.

Acts against the security of the state and the constitutional system

This crime is expressed in an unlawful encroachment on the constitutional order, as well as the security of the state. Expressed in the form of an intentional act, which is aimed at undermining or weakening of the constitutional order, the economic and political system of the state.

The family object is the relationship that ensures the stability and the normal existence of state power. The objective side is represented in the form of an action, and the subjective side is in turn characterized by direct intent.
These are the categories of crimes (Criminal Code of the Russian Federation):

1. Directed on causing damage to external security.
2. Encroaching on defense and economic security.
3. Acts, the purpose of which is the disclosure of state secrets.

Crimes against the power of the state

These are acts directed against the normal, statutory activities of the state administration, which were committed by officials who used their official powers.

The object of a crime is the aggregate of relations that ensure the legitimate activities of state authorities. The subjective side is expressed by an intentional form of guilt.

Criminal acts against justice

As for this category of crimes, the Criminal Code characterizes them as an encroachment aimed at the normal activities of state organs of justice.
The object is considered to be relations that are designed to ensure the normal, regulated by law activities of the court, as well as bodies that contribute to the fulfillment of such tasks. The objective side is manifested in various forms of counteraction to justice. The subjective side is in the form of direct intent.