Components of training activities to improve the effectiveness of academic work

After the child has formed certain training skills, he will be able to fully engage in educational activities.

Features of primary school age

For children aged 3-6 years, gaming activities are of particular interest. And the pleasure to them delivers not only the process of the game itself, but also its result, that is, a win. The educator, possessing psychological features of this age, tries to include in the game the components of educational activity. The task of the mentor is to form the desired qualities for the kids: coordination of movement, logical thinking, independence. With the growth of preschool children, game motivation gradually replaces the components of educational and cognitive activity. For babies in this period it is important to approve the actions, praise from the educator, parents. On how well the "success situation" will be formed in this period for children, their subsequent school life depends.

DB Elkonin's system

Formation of components of educational activity is an important task. This process is complex and time-consuming, it will take quite a lot of time and physical strength. Let's analyze the basic components of educational activity. There is a certain structure proposed by DB El'konin. The author singles out three components of educational activity, we will dwell on them in more detail.

Motivation

This is the first element. Educational activity is politically motivated, it is motivated and directed by different educational motives. There are among them motives, which correspond to the maximum educational tasks. If such skills are formed in full by the younger schoolchildren, the educational activity of such children becomes effective and meaningful. DB El'konin calls such motives educational and cognitive. These components of the educational activity of junior schoolchildren are based on the cognitive need and desire for self-development. We are talking about the interest in the substantive part of the educational activity, the studied material. In addition, the motivation is connected with the process of activity itself, ways of achieving the tasks set. This motive is important for the self-improvement of the younger schoolchildren, the development of his creative abilities.

Learning objective

The second motivational component of educational activity presupposes a system of tasks, in the course of which the student learns the basic methods of action. The learning task is different from the individual tasks. Guys, performing many specific tasks, open their own way of solving. In different children, the solutions to the same learning problem may differ substantially. Thanks to the developmental training applied in elementary school, after such "individual discoveries", the teacher generalizes the results, together with his wards, displays a general algorithm for the task. Guys adopt the method, apply it in other tasks. As a result, the productivity of educational activities increases, the number of mistakes allowed by children decreases.

As an example of a learning task, you can consider morphosemantic analysis in a Russian lesson. The student must find the connection between the meaning of a particular word and form. To cope with the task, he will have to learn the general ways of dealing with the word. Using a change, a comparison with the word created in a new form, it reveals the relationship between the value and the changed form.

Training Operations

Their DB Elkonin calls the third component of educational activity. For example, for the Russian language, such operations may consist of parsing a word by composition, identifying a prefix, root, ending, suffix. The formation of the components of learning activity helps the child to transfer general rules to a concrete example. It is important to work out each separate training operation. Gradual development of training skills is characteristic for developmental education, the principles of which are formulated by P.Ya. Galperin. The schoolboy, having received an idea of the algorithm of actions, under the guidance of the teacher, performs the task assigned to him. After the child perfectly masters such skills, the process of "speaking" is supposed, that is, solving the task in mind, the schoolboy informs the teacher of the ready decision and answer.

Control

As the controlling body, the teacher first acts. As the development begins, self-adjustment and control begins, self-training. The teacher acts as a tutor, that is, monitors the activities of his wards, advises them as necessary. Without full-fledged self-control, it is impossible to fully develop educational activities, since training in supervision is an important and complex pedagogical task. In addition to evaluating the final result, for the child, operational control is important, that is, the accuracy of each step should be checked. If a schoolboy learns to control his academic work, he will form to such an extent an important function, such as attention.

Evaluation

If we consider the components of learning activities, special attention should be paid to evaluation. In addition to monitoring their learning activities, the student must learn to evaluate his work adequately. This is difficult for primary school pupils, mostly they have too high self-esteem, so at this stage the teacher must take on the main task. It should not be limited to banal rating, it is important to explain it. With a meaningful assessment of the activities of schoolchildren, the teacher tells them in detail about the evaluation criteria, so that the children understand what score they can count on for their intellectual work. There are own evaluation criteria for the students themselves. They believe that they spent an enormous amount of effort and effort to carry out the exercise or task, therefore, the evaluation for their work should be maximum. At a younger school age, a critical attitude towards other children is developed, this aspect is necessarily used by the teacher in his work. All components of educational activity are based on mutual review of children's works according to a certain algorithm proposed by general criteria. This method is effective at the initial stage of training, as the children have not yet fully formed educational activities. Teenagers are guided by the opinion of their classmates, they are not ready to evaluate other people's works, because they are afraid of a negative reaction.

Features of learning activities

The characteristics of the components of educational activity are detailed in the new federal educational standards. Its complex structure implies the passage by the child of a long way of becoming. All further school life, junior schoolchildren will develop the skills laid down in the first stage of training. Modern education has a special social significance, the main direction is the harmonious development of the child's personality.

Such structural components of educational activity, such as reflection and self-esteem, have become the main criteria of GEF. The educational activity is aimed not only at getting the students certain knowledge, but also on the ability to use them in everyday life. Learning the basics of writing, reading, counting, leads to an independent change in the child's mental abilities. In the federal educational standards of the new generation, the main components of the educational activity of junior schoolchildren are based on constant reflection. When comparing their achievements for a week, a month, the educational quarter, children trace their growth, analyze the problems. The special journal with the results of individual reflection is also taught by the teacher. With his help, the teacher identifies the main problems that every schoolboy faces, and seeks ways to overcome them.

The main components of educational activity are related to the following questions posed by the student: "I did not know - I learned", "I could not - I learned". If in the process of such activities the child enjoys, is satisfied with his growth, a favorable psychological climate is created for the subsequent self-improvement and self-development.

DB El'konin, analyzing the components of student learning activities, stressed the importance of self-esteem. He noted that it is in analyzing the results of his work that the student finds out if he has managed to cope with the task assigned to him. The obtained experience is transferred to subsequent tasks, that is, a system of skills and actions is formed, which is the basis for self-development and self-improvement. " If the training activities are organized with disabilities, the main components of the learning activity structure are not fully taken into account, the effectiveness of the assessment is reduced.

Thus, in the structure of DB El'konin, the relationship of the following components is noted:

• The child's assimilation of certain actions with the help of the educational task assigned to him by the teacher;
• The fulfillment by pupils of educational activities for mastering the material;
• Control and analysis of the results.

In various educational disciplines, which the younger schoolchild must learn, it is assumed that he will use various components of the activity. The ultimate goal is to achieve the conscious work of the student, built on objective laws. For example, in the process of teaching first-graders, reading is used such an educational action, as the separation of words into separate syllables. To study the rules of the primary account, the teacher uses cubes, chopsticks, paying attention to fine motor skills. In aggregate, the subjects taught in elementary school contribute to the assimilation of all components of learning activity.

Business Objects

The main actions performed by students are related to ideal objects: sounds, numbers, letters. The teacher sets certain educational activities, and the schoolboy reproduces them, imitating his mentor. As soon as he fully masters such primary skills, in the sheet of achievements on a certain "step" appears a mark. Then the child moves to a higher level of development. Using the acquired skills, he begins to perform more complex tasks. It is at this stage that self-development begins, without which the learning process will be meaningless.

LS Vygotsky as a higher psychological function of development of schoolchildren distinguished collective interaction. In the general genetic law of cultural development, he says that any function of the child in such development manifests itself twice. First, socially, then in a psychological position. First of all, between people, that is, as an interpsychic function, and then inside the child in the form of an intrapsychic category. And Vygotsky argued that this applies equally to logical memory, and to arbitrary attention.

Psychological nature is itself a combination of human relationships that are carried inward by the joint activity of children and an adult mentor.

The importance of projects and research in the modern educational process

Inclusion in the school and after-hour activities of research and design work was not an accidental phenomenon. Depending on the direction of projects they are carried out individually, by groups, by creative teams. In order to do the project, first, together with the mentor, the child must determine the main goal of his research. This will require the skills obtained in the training activities. Further, an investigation algorithm is revealed, the quality of which directly affects the result of the completed project. It is in this kind of activity that the student has the maximum opportunity to self-improvement and self-development. The usual educational activity in the course of work on the project turns into a real scientific work. The child becomes a "colleague" for the teacher, they together look for answers to the questions posed at the beginning of the study, try to confirm or disprove the hypothesis. It is joint activity that is an indispensable stage for the full inclusion of a student in academic work. In addition to acquiring knowledge, the child improves his practical skills, develops communicative qualities.

Conclusion

Modern educational activities are aimed at "socializing" each child, his successful career. It is important that this process be "picked up" by middle and upper-level educators, then only from an educational institution, schoolchildren will leave not only with the "baggage" of theoretical knowledge, but also with a formed feeling of love for their country, small homeland, Representatives of other nationalities and cultures, a desire to preserve and multiply traditions and customs. The main components of educational activity help to direct this process in the right direction. The classical educational system used in the Soviet era proved to be untenable. She did not allow to fully develop the creative abilities of schoolchildren, there was no question of self-development and self-improvement. After reforming Russian education, introducing new federal educational standards, teachers were given the opportunity to pay attention to each ward, implement in practice individual approach systems, identify gifted and talented children, and help them in development. The introspection skill gained over the years of schooling will help the child make important and responsible decisions in later adulthood. The ultimate goal of all learning activities - changing one's self, an awareness of its importance for society, will be fully achieved.