Bashkir uprisings. Bashkir uprising 1705-1711: causes, results

The Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711 left a significant mark in the history of Russia. This period is not too widely covered. Against the backdrop of the Northern War and the reforms of Peter the Great, riots are sometimes presented by historians as insignificant internal problems.

Instead of the preface

The instigators who raised the Bashkir uprising were cast into oblivion. Participants in these events are not mentioned in the works of art, in contrast, for example, from the peasant uprising of Pugachev. Meanwhile, the history of the peoples that became part of the Russian Empire has become its history. It is worth noting that the boundaries of settlement, language and customs of Bashkirs in the past differed from modern ones. Before describing the Bashkir uprisings of the early eighteenth century, let us briefly turn to the history of this people.

Geographical information

Possible ancestors of the Bashkirs mention in their writings Ptolemy and Herodotus. It is believed that their ethnic territory is the steppes of the Southern Urals. Arabic sources of the ninth century directly testify to this. According to Ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs-Turks living on the southern slopes of the Urals-occupy a vast territory to the Volga, their neighbors in the southeast are Pechenegs, in the west are Bulgars, in the south - Oguzes.

Sharif Idrisi, a geographer of the twelfth century, reported that the Bashkirs settled near the sources of the Kama and the Urals. He spoke of a large settlement called Nemzhan, located in the upper reaches of the Lika River (possibly Yaik or the Urals). Bashkirs engaged in copper smelting, extraction of fox and beaver fur, processing of precious stones. In the city of Gurkhane, in the northern part of the river Agidel, Bashkirs made jewelry, harness and weapons.

Origin of the people

Written sources indicate that the Bashkirs had long inhabited the Southern Urals. For a long time they were the most numerous people in this region. About when exactly the Bashkirs came to the South Urals, how their community formed, the language was formed, is for certain unknown. The fact is that they were at such a low level of development that they left no clear traces. At the same time, these lands were inhabited by numerous Ugric tribes, who possessed skillful processing of metal and other crafts. About their stay testify burial mounds and other archaeological finds.

A more or less clear idea of the Bashkir peoples appeared only in the 16th-17th centuries. Initially, these were disparate ethnic groups. Subsequently, these groups formed profound differences in culture. According to one version, the Bashkirs came to the Southern Urals from the Urals lowland, on the other - a group of Finno-Ugric tribes, which was subjected to significant turkizatsii. The third and most accurate version is that the Bashkirs are the remnants of nomadic tribes that have moved to a settled way of life. A sharp change in the way of life contributed to the disappearance of certain cultural traditions and their replacement by others. By the time the nomadic cattle breeding was changed to semi-nomadic, it occurred in the period from the 17th to the 19th century. At the same time, the Southern Urals was actively developed by the Russians. Thus, the cultural traditions of Bashkirs were replaced by Russians or Finno-Ugric. The Bashkirs had hunting and agriculture. Some of the traditional culture was lost. The colonization of the people passed relatively gently, as many remained nomadic. Only rumors about the violent Christianization of the Bashkirs aroused discontent.

Language affiliation

The Bashkir language belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup, which is part of the Kypchak group, the Turkic branch of the Altai group of languages. There are three dialects: southern, eastern, north-western. In ancient times the Bashkirs used the Turkic runic letter, in the period of the formation of Islam - the Arabic alphabet. An attempt has been made to translate the language into Latin alphabet, at the moment in the Bashkir alphabet thirty-three Russian letters and nine additional ones denoting specific sounds.

Religion

According to ancient Arabs, pagan beliefs were inherently Bashkirs. Ancient tribes worshiped twelve gods, warriors identified themselves with wild animals. It is obvious that the ancient religion resembled shamanism. The period of the description of the peoples of the Urals by Arab historians coincides with the beginning of acceptance of Islam by the Bashkirs. Defending the Bashkirs the right to practice Islam led to bloody, destructive uprisings.

Entering into Russia

In the 13th and 14th centuries the Bashkirs were part of the Golden Horde. After its fall, the nation was divided territorially. The western and northwestern Bashkirs were under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. The population of the central, southern and south-eastern part of Bashkiria was under the rule of the Nogai Horde. The Trans-Ural part belonged to the Siberian Khanate. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Bashkirs of all the khanates took turns taking Moscow citizenship.

The conditions of adoption were predetermined by the Bashkir uprisings. It happened after the capture of Kazan. The entry was voluntary, which was facilitated by the conversion of the Russian Tsar to the Bashkirs. Ivan the terrible went on unprecedented concessions to the Bashkirs, giving them patrimonial right to the land, preserving Islam and local self-government.

History of Uprising

An attempt to further violate the manifesto aroused widespread dissatisfaction on the part of the people of Bashkortostan. After the Romanovs assumed the throne, the Bashkir lands were actively distributed to the landlords, thereby violating the patrimonial right of the people to own land. The first revolt occurred in 1645. Then the Bashkir uprisings happened from 1662 to 1664, from 1681 to 1684, from 1704 to 1711 (1725). The longest-running speech is associated with an attempt to eradicate Islam. All the Bashkir uprisings brought a lot of trouble to the Russian state and complicated the development of new lands. The tsarist government once again affirmed the patrimonial right and granted the Bashkirs new privileges for reconciliation.

The Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711

According to one version, the uprising gave rise to rumors about the ban on the Muslim religion, on the other - the seizure of patrimonial lands and increased taxes. In August 1704, tax collectors Dokhov, Zhikharev and Sergeev arrived in Bashkiria. They announced a new state decree. It was announced about imposing taxes on the mosque, mullah and parishioners of the prayer house. The mosque should be built on the model of an Orthodox church, a cemetery arranged next to the church, records records of the death of parishioners and registration of marriages, and conducted in the presence of Orthodox priests. All these innovations were perceived as preparations for the prohibition of the Muslim religion.

During the Northern War, resources were required, and the Bashkirs demanded an additional 200,000 horses and 4,000 soldiers. In total, the decree, brought by the tax collectors, contained 72 new taxes. In particular, the eye color tax was introduced. The Bashkir nobility opposed and sought to secede for inclusion in the Ottoman Empire. The first riots occurred under the leadership of Aldar and Kuzyuk.

By 1708, the Bashkirs had captured Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan. The uprising was only limited, but only by 1711 it was finally suppressed. State "arrivals" - tax collectors Dohov, Sergeev and Zhikharev - were convicted and punished for collecting illegal and unintended taxes. Thus, the causes of the Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711 were eliminated. Despite the established peace, only in 1725 the Bashkirs once again swore allegiance to the Russian emperor. The results of the Bashkir uprising were disappointing. Many Russians and Bashkirs were killed, discontent still persisted.

The people's desire for self-determination did not abate after the concessions of the tsarist government, but a new uprising did not take long. All riots were suppressed without exception, and the instigators were cruelly punished.

Stages of the Uprising

Consider how the Bashkir uprising developed. The table below demonstrates the stages and events.

Defeat

The reasons for the defeat of the Bashkir uprising are numerous. The disunity of the ethnic group and its semi-nomadic way of life served both for the benefit of the tsar's troops and against them. Catch and destroy small cavalry units of rebels, to protect them from Russian settlements was extremely difficult. In turn, the rebels, not having a rigid centralization, acted in isolation. The objectives of individual groups - from trivial robberies to the creation of an independent state. Bashkirs were poorly armed, had no fortifications, could not lead a siege. Their victories are explained by the help of the local population, the overwhelming superiority in numbers and the factor of surprise. The reasons for the defeat of the Bashkir uprising also lie in the inability to negotiate, the constant internecine struggle and political miscalculations of the instigators.

The Last Bashkir Uprising

The next attempt by the Bashkirs to raise a riot was even more bloody. The reasons for the Bashkir uprising are similar to the previous ones. The distribution of patrimonial lands to servicemen led to a revolt by the indigenous population. During the Bashkir uprising, his own ruler was elected - the sultan-kettlebell. Thanks to the Bashkirs "loyal" to Russia, the insurrection was suppressed. The Bashkir uprising of 1735-1740 claimed the life of every fourth Bashkir.

In 1755 -1756, taking advantage of the fruits of victory, the Russian Empire decided to convert the Bashkirs into Christianity. A new wave of rebellion bursts out. The rebels did not have unity, under the onslaught of Russian troops, many of them went to the Kazakh steppes. Elizabeth II attracted the Volga Tatars to her side, and the rebels were again defeated.

In 1835-1840 in connection with rumors about the transition of the Bashkir peasants to the serfdom of the landowners, a peasant uprising broke out. Participated in it only about 3000 people. The peasants could not give a worthy rebuff to the troops and were defeated. This concludes the Bashkir uprisings. Serfdom in Russia is declining, and patrimonial lands no longer touch. Industrial production and extraction of resources are developing, which favorably affect the economy of the region.