All about infusoria: type, class, structure and features

One of the most typical well-known representatives of cilia is the infusoria-shoe. It dwells, as a rule, in standing water, as well as in freshwater reservoirs, where the flow is distinguished by an exception of assertiveness. Its habitat must necessarily contain decomposing organic matter. It is advisable to consider in detail all aspects of the life of this representative fauna.

Representatives of the ciliary

протистов, включенных в группу Alveolata. Cilia ( infusoria) - the type of protists included in the Alveolata group. It is important to note that among them there are various forms of representatives: attached and mobile, colonial and solitary. The structure of their body is very diverse. характеризуется размерами тела, которые варьируются от 10 мкм до 4, 5 мм (это касается одиночных форм). The type of Infusoria is characterized by body sizes that range from 10 μm to 4, 5 mm (this applies to single forms). As noted above, they live mainly in fresh water, but also occur in the seas in the benthos and plankton (less often in the soil or in mosses). It is important to note that a large part of the representatives of the flora considered are symbionts or parasites of other creatures: fish, ringworms, mollusks and so on. ) можно рассматривать в роли моделей организмов в отношении биологии на молекулярном уровне. In addition, many ciliates (the example is the type of infusoria-shoes ) can be considered as models of organisms in relation to biology at the molecular level.

The systematic aspect

, навазние которого происходит от слова «настойка» (в переводе с латинского языка). It should be noted that Infusoria is a type whose navezhnie comes from the word "tincture" (in translation from the Latin language). This can be explained by the fact that the first representatives of the protozoans were found precisely in herbal tinctures. Over time, the development of this type began to grow rapidly. . Thus, already today in biology is known about 6-7 thousand species, which includes the type of Infusoria . If we rely on the data of the 1980s, then it can be argued that this type contains in its structure two classes: Ciliated infusorians (has three orders) and Sucking infusorians. In connection with this information, it can be concluded that the diversity of living organisms is very wide, which is of genuine interest.

Type of Infusoria: Representatives

Bright representatives of this type are infusoria-balantidium and infusoria-shoe. Distinctive features of these animals are the covering of the pellicle with cilia, which are used for movement, protection of the infusoria through specially designed organs, trichocysts (located in the ectoplasm of the membrane), and the presence of two nuclei (vegetative and generative) in the cell. In addition, the oral cavity on the body of the infusoria forms an oral funnel, which has the property of passing into the cellular mouth leading into the pharynx. It is there that vacuoles of digestion are created, which serve directly for the digestion of food. But undigested components are removed from the body through the powder. весьма многогранна, однако основные моменты рассмотрены выше. Characteristics of the type of Infusoria are very versatile, but the main points are considered above. The only thing that should be added is that the two contractile vacuoles of the infusoria are located in opposite parts of the body. It is through their functioning that excess water or metabolic products are excreted from the body.

Infusoria-shoe

In order to qualitatively consider the structure and the way of vital activity of such interesting organisms of the unicellular structure, it will be expedient to turn to the corresponding example. This requires infusoria-shoes, widely distributed in water bodies of fresh nature. They can easily be diluted in ordinary containers (for example, in aquariums), flood meadow hay with the simplest fresh water, because in tinctures of this type, as a rule, a great many types of protozoa, including infusoria-shoes, develop. Thus, by means of a microscope it is possible in practice to study all the information provided in the article.

Characteristics of infusoria-shoes

As noted above, the Infusorians are a type that includes a multitude of elements, the most interesting of which is the infusoria-shoe. This single-celled animal, whose length is half a millimeter, endowed with a spindle-shaped form. It should be noted that visually this organism resembles a shoe, from which, accordingly, and so intriguing a name. The infusoria-shoe is constantly in a state of motion, but it floats bluntly forward. Interestingly, the speed of its movement often reaches 2.5 mm per second, which is very good for a representative of this type. On the surface of the body of the infusoria-shoe, it is possible to observe cilia, which serve as motor organoids. Like all infusoria, the organism in question has two nuclei in its structure: the big one is responsible for the nutritional, respiratory, motor and metabolic processes, and the small participates in the sexual aspect.

The organism of infusoria-shoes

The device of the organism of the infusoria-shoe is very complicated. The outer coating of this representative is a thin elastic shell. It is capable of maintaining the correct shape of the body throughout life. The perfect assistants in this are perfectly developed supporting fibers located in the cytoplasm layer, which fits snugly against the shell. The surface of the body of the infusoria-shoe is endowed with a huge number (about 15,000) of cilia, fluctuating regardless of external circumstances. At the base of each of them there is a basal body. Cilia make movements about 30 times per second than push the body forward. It is important to note that the wavy movements of these instruments are very consistent, which allows the infusorians to rotate slowly and beautifully around the longitudinal axis of their body during the movement.

Infusorians are a type that is definitely of interest

For an absolute understanding of all the features of the infusoria-shoe, it is advisable to consider the basic processes of its life activity. сводится к употреблению бактерий и водорослей. So, the type of feeding infusoria is reduced to the use of bacteria and algae. The body is endowed with a deepening, called the cellular mouth and passing into the pharynx, at the bottom of which the food enters directly into the vacuole. There it is digested for about an hour, making in the process a transition from an acid medium to an alkaline one. Vacuoles move in the body of the infusoria through the cytoplasmic current, and undigested remnants go out in the back of the body through the powder.

Respiration of the infusoria-shoe is carried out by the introduction of oxygen into the cytoplasm through the integument of the body. And excretory processes occur through two contractile vacuoles. As for the irritability of organisms, the infusoria-shoes are able to assemble into bacterial complexes in response to the action of substances released by bacteria. And swim away from such an irritant they are like cooking salt.

Reproduction

Infusoria-shoe can reproduce in one of two ways. The asexual reproduction became more widespread, according to which the nuclei are divided into two parts. As a result of this operation in each infusoria there are 2 cores (large and small). Sexual reproduction is appropriate when there are some flaws in the diet or a change in the temperature regime of the animal's body. It should be noted that after this infusoria can become a cyst. But with the sexual type of reproduction, the increase in the number of individuals is excluded. Thus, two infusoria connect with each other for a certain period of time, resulting in dissolution of the membrane and the formation of a connecting bridge between the animals. The important thing is that the large core of each of them disappears without a trace, and the small one undergoes the process of division twice. Thus, in each infusor, 4 daughter nuclei are formed, after which three of them are destroyed, and the fourth one is again divided. This sexual process is called conjugation. And its duration can reach 12 hours.