Agriculture: Shrovetide culture. Shrovetide cultures of Russia

Shrovetide and grain crops occupy a special place in agriculture on the territory of the Russian Federation. Fats that are derived from their seeds and fruits are of particular value.

Shrovetide crops: a list of plants

Plantations are used in the food industry, act as one of the main raw materials of agricultural production. The most common oil crops of Russia are rape, mustard, soybean, castor oil, sunflower. The list also includes perilla, lallemantia, sesame, safflower, peanuts and many others. Processing of oil crops is one of the main directions of the raw materials industry.

Sunflower

He leads the list, which shows Maslenica field crops. Sunflower on the domestic territory began to cultivate from the middle of the 18th century. From this time, this oil crop spread throughout the Kuban, Saratov and Voronezh regions. By the beginning of the Second World sunflower was about 3 million hectares. Significant development of this plant can be noted in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.

Statistical data for the Russian Federation

Potential yield of sunflower is about 4-5 quintals per hectare. In 2011, in the southern region, the indicators are 14.5 c / ha, and in the Privolzhsky region - 10.7 c / ha. Farms produce about 27% of the crop. The main reasons for low yields are violations of crop rotation and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Along with this, the effects of parasites, diseases and pests are not the least important. Nevertheless, sunflower is the most cost-effective, high-yield oil crop. For 2006-2010, the share of its crops was about 12%. Among the general indicators of the production of oil crops, sunflower seed accounted for 80%. In the Soviet period, it was believed that the most complete pollination of a hectare is achieved with the participation of 0.5-1 bee family. By the early 1970s, the productivity of honey was estimated at 16.3-3.5 kg / ha. Since that time, the list of hybrids and varieties of sunflower grown in Russia has increased significantly.

Nutritional Value of Sunflower

Oil serves as the main product of the processing of the culture. In addition, a variety of by-products are obtained from sunflower. For example, the use of plant stems in the pulp industry is of particular importance. They contain about 40-48% of cellulose. In addition, the stems of sunflower are used in the production of fibrous plates. The plant is widely spread in agriculture - it is used as a forage crop. In the dry season at the end of summer, with stubble sowing, a green mass is obtained from it. It, in turn, is used in the preparation of silage.

Pancake flax

It is distributed mainly in dry and warm areas. In particular, the culture is grown in Western, Central and South Asia, South, North and Central America. Recently, various experiments have been conducted to determine the feasibility of cultivating it in the territory of Central Europe. Pancake flax is a branchy low plant. It grows to 50-80 cm. Depending on the shape of the plantation, the number of branches varies from 2 to 10 or more. Flax oil is used in the food industry. In addition, it acts as a raw material for the paint and leather and shoe industry. Linseed cake has a high nutritional value and is used in the preparation of concentrated feed for dairy cattle. It contains protein, fiber and oil. Linseed cake is easily absorbed by cattle. Thanks to the nutritional components present in it, milk yields increase, the percentage of fat in milk increases. Flax straw can be used in the production of writing paper. This oil culture is also used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Features of flax cultivation

In pre-revolutionary times in Russia, the processing of this culture was quite primitive. Only in the Soviet years on state farms and collective farms it was possible to increase crops. This was achieved through the use of mechanization. Mostly medium plants are grown, not branching at the base, but having branches from the middle of the stem. In recent years, flax fiber is used to produce paper or cotonizatsii. This production is very common in America. The stalk of Maslenica flax is usually stronger than that of the spinning flax, and it contains less fiber.

Mustard white

This shrovetide culture came from the Mediterranean countries, East India and Western Europe. Since ancient times, mustard is used as medicinal herbs and spices. As a pancake crop, it was used relatively recently. Despite the fact that it is classified as spring plantation, it is characterized by limited distribution. Over the past decades, mustard has acted as an intermediate fodder crop.

Soybean

This is an annual herb of the legume family. In the roots of soybeans, there are special bacteria, due to which the transformation of nitrogen contained in the environment is carried out. Soya is rich in protein (40-45%), fats (20%), carbohydrates (30%). It also contains various mineral elements (about 5-6%). By protein composition and amino acid set, soy is considered to be the closest analogue of animal food. Plant production is increasing constantly. So, since 1998 it was at the level of 156.5 million tons. This figure exceeds the data for 1991-1995 by 30%.

Soybean growing areas

In Russia today about 280 tons of beans per year are received. Most of them are used for food purposes. The main areas of soybean cultivation:

1. North Caucasus, Rostov Region, Krasnodar Region Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia. Here, about 9.6% of the crops are located and more than 13% of the gross harvest is carried out.
2. The Far East (Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai). In this zone there are more than 88% of crops. The share of gross collection for DV is 86% of the total for the country.
3. East and West-Siberian, Ural and Volga regions. About 1.5% of the crops are located here and about 1% of the total harvest is carried out.

Peanut

This shrovetide culture was imported from Turkey in 1792. In 1825, the first attempts were made to acclimatize peanuts in Odessa. Today, in small areas, the plant is grown in the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Peanuts are cultivated to obtain edible vegetable oil from its seeds. This product accounts for about 53% of the total. As for the level of protein in the peanut, it is inferior to one soy. About a ton of husked seeds on average receive from 226 to 317 kg of oil. First of all, this product is used in confectionery and canning. Grinded peanut seeds are used as an additive in the process of making chocolate. The plant and the cake are used for animal feed. In the hay, up to 11% protein is present. According to its nutritional value, the tops are not inferior to clover and alfalfa. For the food industry special varieties are grown. They do not have bean flavor. Toasted seeds of food varieties go to food, crushed seeds are used as additives to confectionery products.