Absence-free way of word formation. Words that are formed in a non-suffix way: examples

The wordless way of word formation differs from the others. This is shown clearly in the illustration.

In many sources, nothing is said about it, it is not singled out as an independent way of forming words. However, the USE requires knowledge of its method. Therefore, it is necessary to know about it. In any case, every graduate of a school should be able to find words in the text, in a non-suffix way. The formation of this skill must begin with the development of the skill of word-building analysis.

A derivational analysis

Produced according to the plan, during which it is determined:

• What is the lexical meaning of the word?
• From what word was formed?
• With the help of what was formed?
• In what way was it formed?

If you parse the word "quiet", then you need to answer the above questions:

1. The lexical meaning of the word is "a state of silence".
2. It was formed from the word "silence".
3. It was formed by clipping the suffix.
4. Non-suffix method.

Thus we make a parsing of words from the given on the picture of the statement:

"Smooth" - smooth - gla [d'] - without suffix

"God" - God - God [d]] - Suffix

"Grace" -graceful-thanksgiving [t'] - non-suffix

As you can see, not all words that do not have a suffix are formed by a way of cutting off this morpheme.

Non-suffix way of word formation

In this way words are formed by means of a zero suffix. What does it mean?

Zero refers to a suffix that is not expressed in speech or writing, but its absence is significant - it forms a new word or form of a word.

Such a suffix can be denoted by Ø.

For example, with the help of the zero suffix words are formed - professionalism: lining, roasting. A lot of vernacular words are formed in this way: dropping, swooping.

Similar words in our time are rapidly spreading thanks to the media: constructive, positive, intimacy , etc.

Words that are formed in a non-suffix way often have the meanings of a person: extreme, fan, theatrical, informal , etc.

You can not confuse a zero-forming suffix with a zero-word-formative suffix.

Form-forming zero suffix

Such a suffix is only for verbs and it serves to form the verb form:

• Masculine gender of the past tense: carried - by Ø;
• Conditional inclination: would have dried up - dried up;
• Imperative: sit.

Word-based zero suffix

It has words formed in a non-suffix way. Most often it happens in nouns, sometimes in adjectives, numerals, adverbs.

There are necessarily two conditions under which Ø is allocated.

1. Must have a synonym - a non-zero suffix: a wilderness - a desolate [ye];
2. Has an occurring word: the wilderness is deaf, for example, the word "gam" does not have a generating word, this word is non-derivative, it has no suffix, even zero.

Nouns with zero word-formative suffixes

The noun, formed in a non-suffix way, is produced from

• Verb and has:

1. The abstract value of the action: jump - jump, t walk - move t, run - run;
2. The objective meaning or meaning of the person who produces the action: to rise - to shoot, to lead - to the leader, (ice to prick) - icebreaker, (steel to cook) - steel worker;
3. The value of the scene of action : to undermine - to detonate, to fill in the bay, to approach - to approach, to withdraw - to take off;
4. The value of the object or the result of the action: add - subtotØ, give - dart, blast - blast Ø;

• Adjective and has:

1. Abstract meaning of the sign: quiet - quiet, t - smooth - smooth, deep - deep;
2. The value of the sign carrier: intelligent - intellectual Ø, Kurilian - Kuriles, ship - ship Ø;
3. The value of the person performing the action: the grief is a mournful, and the service is serviced.

• Noun and has:

1. The meaning of the female being: kum-kum, lis-lis;
2. Collective value: black - black, Ø - growth;
3. The meaning of the creature at the place of stay: riznichny.

Adjectives with zero word-formative suffixes

The words of various parts of speech form adjectives, to which the non-suffix method is applied, examples are given below:

• From nouns:

1. With a common meaning: weekdays - everyday, gold - gold;
2. With the value of the lack of something: without a tail, unbroken, without a head - headless Øy;
3. With the meaning of belonging: father - report, eagle - ort;

• From verbs with the meaning of a sign according to the action: to call in - to visit;
• From adjectives and adverbs with a value exceeding the degree of sign: lower - lower, bitter - bitter.

Numerals with zero word-formative suffixes

Numerically, the suffix-free method of education is rarely used , examples are therefore small: five to five, six to six . All these words are formed according to the same principle: a quantitative quantity is formed from a qualitative one.

Adverbs with zero word-formative suffixes

The non-Suffix method is rarely applied to adverbs:

1. Zero suffix is in some adverbs formed by the prefix way: to float - to swim, down - down;
2. The zero suffix forms some adverbs, with the meaning of the state: regret - pity.

The most common words formed by a non-suffix way

Of all the words formed with the help of the zero suffix, nouns are found more often than other words in the Russian language. They are used by the compilers of the examination papers to check the knowledge of graduates. Therefore, it is expedient to finish the topic "Non-Suffix Method" with an alphabetic list of nouns that occur in tasks of the USE and GIA most often.

"A"

Analyze - analysis.

"AT"

Import - import; Input - input; Look - look; Sigh - sigh; Take off - take off; Wave the wave; Meeting - meeting; Sob - sob; Throw-out; To dislocate - a dislocation; Output - output; To pronounce - a reprimand; Exhale - exhale; Evoke - call; Cry out - cry out; Issue - issue; Cut - cutout; Sowing - sowing; To shoot - a shot; Exhaust - exhaust; To act - a ledge; Subtract - deduction; Go out - going out.

"D"

To bring - an argument; To agree on an agreement; Report - report; To conjecture is a conjecture; Report - denunciation; Admit - admission; To inspect - inspection; Tremble - trembling.

"E"

Ride - ride.

«3»

Run - run; Hammer - slaughter; Take away - fence; Care - care; To fill up - a blockage; Veil - veil; Envy - envy; Start up - plant; Import - import; Sunbathing - sunburn; Bend - bend; Drive - a pen; Check in - check in; Clamping - clamping; Order - order; To roll - the order; To lie down - to pool; Flood - bay; To pledge - pledge; Swing - swinging; Kneading - kneading; Dry - drought; Ringing - ringing.

"AND"

Wriggle - twist, bend - bend; To break - a break; Change - treason; Wear out - wear; Import - import; Confess - confession; To frighten - fright; Proceed - outcome;

"TO"

Peck is a bite; Slander - slander; Glue - glue; Brand - brand; Outline - abstract.

"L"

Catching - catching; Break - scrap.

"M"

To wave - swing;

"N"

Dial - dial; Hang - canopy; Heat - heat; To give - to put on; Supervise - supervision; Tearing - tearing; Press - push; Roll - roll; To build up - scum; Tilt - tilt; To fly - a raid; Pouring - pouring; Hint - a hint; Apply - application; To swim - an influx; Accrue - build-up; Dress up - outfit.

"ABOUT"

Defense - defense; Trim - bleed; Break off - a cliff; To dress is a rite; Shelling - shelling; Describe - inventory; Rely on - support; Send - frame; Poll - poll; Orientate - a landmark; To lay siege; Grin - bared; Answer - answer; Guard - security.

"P"

Brute-force; Breaks - fracture; Change - change; Transfer - transfer; Break - fracture; To cross - the ferry; Beat - surf; Transfer - transfer; Overexpend - overspending; Retell - retelling; To revise - to rewind; Intercept - interception; Win - victory; Repeat - repeat; Chase - chase; Mowing - mowing; Cover - cover; To esteem - honor; Spare mercy; Block - block; Greet - hello; Sentence - sentence; Come - arrival; Take - receive, order - order; Apply - butt; Mix - admixture; Note - a sign, spare - mercy, spin - yarn ;.

"R"

Run away - run; Parse - parse;

"FROM"

Whistling - whistling; Bend - fold; Collude - collusion; Shift - shift; Mowing - bevel; Gnashing - screeching; Creak - creak; Boredom - boredom; To fly - to fly; Break - scrapping; Change - change; Mix - mixture; To look - review; Meaning - meaning; Equip - shell;

"T"

Poison - persecution; Brake - brake; Tremble - trembling; Crackling is a crack.

"U"

Clean - the dress; To get angry is fumes; Persuade - the agreement; Strike - hit; To give - the lot; Lay - way; Prick - injection; Bite - bite; To convict - evidence; Pay - payment; Reproach - reproach; Drop - damage; Service - service, lose - loss; Go out - care.

"X"

Praise - praise; Laughter - laughter; Crunch - crunch.

"Sh"

Rustle - rustle.

The non-suffix method, the examples of which are given above, is, as we see, quite a common phenomenon in the Russian language.