What flowers are there? Names of garden flowers. Biology: flowers (building)

The department of flowering plants is a large class of plants, which in the process of their vital activity form a special truncated modified shoots - flowers. Unlike vegetative organs (roots, leaves and shoots), they, together with seeds and fruits, perform the most important generative functions. In this article we will consider several serious topics, including the structure of the flower and the functions of its main parts. We will discuss what flowers are, how they are classified and how they differ from each other.

Biology: flowers. The structure and functions of their stem part

In nature, there is a great variety of colors, differing from each other in structure, color and size. Each of them is beautiful in its own way. Biologists consider the flower as a complex organ necessary for seed reproduction. In general, it consists of three parts:

• Stem (colorule, pedicel);
• Leaf (petals, sepals);
• Generative (pestle (s), stamens).

The flower is attached to the top of the shoot with a pedicel - a special elongated organoid, the continuation of the stem.

The flowers of some plants, for example, sunflower, corn, verbena, plantain, clover pedicels are almost invisible due to their strong shortening. In the nodes of the cotyledon - the upper, wider part of the pedicel - the calyx, the stamens, the corolla and the pistils (one or several) are located. The receptacle can be of various sizes and has a diverse form - convex (raspberry), flat (chamomile), concave (dog rose, bird cherry) or elongated (gravel).

Leaf flower part

The calyx is an organ consisting of modified leaves (sepals). Its main function is to protect the inner part of the flower until the bud bursts. The calyx can be either discrete (in case sepals are separated from each other), or rustolistnoy (if they grow together). Corolla is the brightest, most noticeable part of the flower. It consists of petals, which in the flowers of different plants can vary greatly in form (tubular, bell-shaped, wheel-shaped, funnel-shaped, etc.) and color. The main functions of the corolla are to protect the pistil and stamens from unfavorable environmental conditions and to attract pollinator insects. Corolla and calyx make up the covers of the flower, which are called the perianth. It can be simple, consisting of similar free or growing leaves, or a complex, clearly differentiated into a corolla and a cup, which differ significantly in size and color. A simple perianth is found in the lily of the valley and tulip, and a complex one is found in the bell, cloves, petunias and cherries. There are flowers and completely devoid of the mentioned element, they are called naked (willow, ash). Now you know what flowers are in terms of the structure of corolla and calyx. Next, we will talk about the organs of the flower, performing reproductive functions.

Flower part

Stamens and pistils are the most important parts of the flower. They are in its center. The stamens are located in one or several circles near the inner edge of the perianth and consist of a filamentous filament and anther in which pollen is formed. Pestle consists of 3 parts: a column, stigma and ovary. The latter contains seeds, from which a seed appears after fertilization. Most plants have one pestle and several stamens - from three to a hundred. They are called bisexual. Some flowers, for example, cannon, have only one stamen. There are plants that have either stamens or pistils. They are called same-sex - staminate or pistilliform. Some flowers, for example, cornflower and sunflower, do not even have one or the other organ at all. Therefore they are called asexual. What are the flowers in this case? Types of plants that simultaneously have both stamen and pistillate flowers are called monoecious. Representatives of this group are pumpkin, oak, cucumber, corn. If the male and female flowers are on different individuals (specimens), the plants are called dioecious. An example of such are willow, poplar, sea buckthorn.

Variety of colors

Despite the fact that in different plant species the modified shoots that perform generative functions have a similar structure, on the surface they can vary very much. Their sizes can vary from a millimeter (in duckweeds) and up to one meter in diameter. One of the most interesting representatives of the flora is tropical rafflesia. It has the largest flowers in the world, which produce a repulsive smell of rotting meat. Other plants, such as garden jasmine, dog rose, lily of the valley, exude a pleasant aroma. This delicate, delicious smell is caused by special essential oils, which are formed in the cells of the epidermal layer of petals and perianth. Flowers of many plants are endowed with special beauty and give people aesthetic pleasure. One of the most beautiful flowers are roses and orchids.

Coloring of petals

Let's look at the color of the flowers. The shade of their petals is caused not only by chromoplasts, but also by special colorants-the pigments of cell sap. For example, the anthocyan determines the pink, red, blue or purple color of the corolla, antofein is brown, carotenoids are yellow, red and orange, etc. Interestingly, the color of the petals can vary throughout the day - depending on the acidity of the cell sap. For example, the flowers of the plant Victoria amazonica change their color from snow-white to pink, and then to red.
The white color of petals (for example, in a cherry, water lily, apple) is determined by the absence of pigments and reflection of light rays. Are there any black flowers? No, it does not have such a pigment. Dark coloration is saturated dark purple or condensed dark maroon shades.

Wildflowers

About half a million different species of forest and field plants are known. But only 290 of them were described and got their name. Since ancient times, wild flowers (photo shows their diversity) have been used to make medicines. And no wonder, because very many of them have healing properties. The most vivid representatives are: cornflower, camomile, poppy, bells, dandelion, violet, forget-me-nots. Cornflowers are extremely beautiful flowers of bright blue color. Often they grow in wheat crops. Field poppies are distinguished by their richly red, "fiery" petals. They are found along roadsides, on wastelands, but are especially common in the steppes. Field chamomile has beautiful flowers with a yellow head and white petals. Pharmacy chamomile is widely used in the treatment of many diseases, including for the treatment of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, throat and oral cavity.

Forest flowers. What color are snowdrops?

The most famous flowers that grow in the forest are anemone, St. John's wort, lily of the valley, snowdrops, sour cabbage, etc. Their beauty leaves no one indifferent. But the most delicate of all the diversity of the forest flower kingdom is the snowdrop. He is the first to appear on thawed patches, directly from under the melting snow, and symbolizes the onset of spring. Do you know what color snowdrops are?

Most often these tender primroses have white petals of bell-shaped form. But there are pale blue, and even blue. The genus of snowdrops includes about two dozen species, the most famous of which are snowdrop snowdrop, Elvis snowdrop, Caucasian, etc. They like to grow in the penumbra, under the canopy of bushes and trees.

One of the most valuable forest plants is the St. John's wort. You can learn it by the branching stalk and oblong-ovoid leaves, which have a smooth surface. The flowers of this herbaceous perennial have a bright yellow color. St. John's wort is used in medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hemostatic.

Beautiful garden flowers

Garden flowers - this is a large group of ornamental plants, which are designed to decorate our lives and ennoble our country and garden plots. They can be classified according to some parameters. For example, garden flowers are often divided into three subgroups - annuals, biennials and perennials. The unpretentious and at the same time bright and beautiful annuals are pansies, marigolds, alissum, nasturtium. Perennials are decorative flowers that retain their excellent properties for several years. They are ideal for any garden, without requiring an annual transplant and serious care. What flowers are there ? The names of the most famous perennials are: Astilba, Rose, Peony, Badan, Daylily, Lichen, Crocus, Narcissus, Tulip, etc. The most famous two-year cultures are daisies, violas, Turkish carnations, foxglove, mallow,