Vegetative and reproductive organs of plants

Plants consist of such organs as vegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative - for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants participate in reproduction. They include a flower, a seed and a fruit. They are responsible for the "birth" of the offspring.

Vegetative organs

The appearance of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:

• The root is the main organ of each plant growing in the ground.
• The escape.
• Stem.
• Leaves responsible for photosynthesis.
• The kidneys.

The root is characteristic for all plants, since it retains them and feeds them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from him that shoots run, on which the leaves grow.

When sowing seeds, sprout first. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gets strength, a system of shoots appears. Then the stem is formed. On it are lateral shoots in the form of leaves and kidneys.

The stem supports the leaves and feeds them from the roots of nutrients. He can also store water for himself during the drought.

The leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants, they perform other functions, such as stock of substances or reproduction.

In the process of evolution, the organs mutate. This allows plants to adapt and survive in nature. There are new species that are increasingly unique and unpretentious.

Root

The vegetative organ that holds the stem participates in the process of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.

It arose after the emergence of sushi. The root helped plants adapt to changes on earth. In the modern world, there are still rootless - moss and psilotoid.

In angiosperms, the development of the root begins with the embryo entering the ground. As development develops, a stable organ emerges from which the shoot escapes.

The root is protected by a sheath, which helps to get useful substances. This is due to its structure and the content of a large amount of starch.

Stem

The axial vegetative organ. The stem carries the leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other organs of the plant. The stem of herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, like leaves.

It is capable of performing the following functions: storing and multiplying. The stem structure is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, is a primary plant in some plant species. In peduncles it is more friable, and shoots, for example, in sunflower, lamellar.

The photosynthesis function is performed due to the fact that the stem contains a chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The stock of substances is due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.

Interestingly, in monocotyledonous plants, the stem retains its structure throughout the life cycle. In dicots, it changes. It can be seen by cutting trees, where the annual rings are formed.

Sheet

This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves differ in appearance, structure and functions. The organ participates in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.

The evolution of plants led to the appearance of trapping species. Their leaves catch insects and feed on them. This organ in some species of plants turns into spines or antennae, thereby performing a protective function from animals.

The sheet has a base that connects it to the stem. Through it, nutrients enter the leaves. The base can grow in length or in width. After him, stipules grow. The leaf has veins, which are divided into two types: open and closed.

The life span of this vegetative organ is small. Trees discard leaves, since they contain the products of vital activity left after photosynthesis.

Vegetative reproduction

Each plant has its own life cycle. There are two types of reproduction with the help of vegetative organs:

• Natural.
• Artificial.

Natural reproduction is due to leaves, lashes, root tubers, rhizomes, bulbs.

Artificial reproduction:

• Divide the bush. The rhizome plants are divided into several parts and planted.
• The second way is rooted cuttings. They can be not only root, but leaf and stem.
• On the parent plant, you can use the layers.
• Also the method of grafting is popular. This is when part of one plant is transferred to another.

Vegetative organs help in the same way as reproductive organs in reproduction. Plants play a big role in human life and nature. On the ground, they occupy a large enough space.

Function of reproductive organs

Their importance in the structure of the flower ensures the reproduction of the species, the protection of seeds and their further dispersal. Reproductive organs of angiosperms are a flower, a seed and a fruit. They gradually replace each other.

A flower is a modified shoot that gradually changes shape. The seed that is inside, ripens and collects nutrients. After fertilization, it becomes a fetus. It consists of a multitude of seeds and a pericarp, which protects them from the external environment.

The vegetative and reproductive organs of plants always interact. Without each other, they can not perform their functions.

Flower

In nature, everything is arranged so that the flowers live their cycle anew. As we have already said, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit and a seed. They are interconnected with each other to support life and give birth to new generations.

Such a plant reproductive organ, like a flower, is responsible for pollination, fertilization and seed formation. It is a shortened shoot that changes in the process of growth.

Consider what the flower is made from:

• Pedicel - the axial part.
• Cup. It consists of sepals and is located in the lower part of the inflorescence.
• Corolla. It is responsible for coloring the flower and consists of petals.
• Stamen. It produces pollen, which helps in pollination.
• Pestle. This is the place where the pollen germinates.

Flowers are divided, in turn, into bisexual and same-sex. What is the difference? Bisexuals have both a stamen and a pestle. For example, corn and pumpkin. Unisexuals, or monoecious, have only one organ. These include nettle, hemp. The flower is the reproductive organ of the plant, which is responsible for seed reproduction.

Most often, inflorescences are formed. This is a group of several flowers. They are simple and complex, that is, with one pedicel or several. Their number can reach tens of thousands on one plant.

An inflorescence is a group of flowers. It is located at the ends of shoots, as well as branches of trees. Most inflorescence is formed from small flowers. They, in turn, are divided into simple and complex. The first have one axis, on which the flowers are located. The latter have lateral branches.

Common types of inflorescences :

• Brush - in bird cherry, lily of the valley.
• Corn - in the corn.
• Basket - chamomile or dandelion.
• Umbrellas are for cherries.
• Shield - the pear.

Complex inflorescences are somewhat simple. Their origin is associated with the function of fertilization. The more the number of colors, the faster the pollen is transferred.

Fetus

Reproductive organs of plants primarily perform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature distribution. They are dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help spread, for example, a dandelion spreads out into the wind.

The main types of fruits:

1. Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
2. Multi-seeded with pulp - grapes.

A dry multi-seed fetus happens with a septum - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has one seed.

Reproductive organs of flowering plants are arranged in such a way that the seeds are distributed in several ways:

• On water.
• Through the air.
• With the help of animals.
• Self-disperse.

The organs are arranged so that the plants go through the process from the germination of roots to reproduction. Fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. This is provided by such adaptations as hooks, parachutes, color accents and a pleasant taste.

Seed

Knowing which plant organs belong to the reproductive, one can understand exactly how they reproduce. The seed reproduces the offspring and settles it for subsequent cultivation. It is made up of peel, embryo and nutrients coming from the stem.

The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the germ of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and it happens with one or two cotyledons.

Seeds are also divided into several different types. In some, nutrients are in the endosperm, others do not have all the tissues for stocks.

Seed skin protects from the environment, wind and animals. After maturing, it helps to plant the plant. Some species store nutrients in the skin.

Seeds for humans and animals are food. Their significance on earth is high enough, as in the fetus. These plant organs participate in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.

Higher plants

In the plant world, everything is arranged so that the organisms can grow permanently. Higher plants have such organs as shoot and root. They differ in that the embryo appears in the process of fertilization.

Reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with vegetative, Change their life phases. They include four departments:

• Ferns grow in moist places. They include horsetails and plauny. Their structure includes the root, stem and leaves.
• Bryophytes are an intermediate group. Their body consists of tissue, but they do not have vessels. Live both in wet and dry soil. Moss reproduces not only by spores, but also by sexual and vegetative means.
• Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants. Most often referred to as coniferous trees and shrubs. They do not bloom, and their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
• Angiosperms. The most common plants. They differ in that the seeds are safely hidden under the skin of the fetus. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male genital organs in the structure.

All these plants grow and develop on the ground for quite a long time. They differ from one another in the manner of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great impact on human life.

Flowering plants

This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering, or angiospermous plants, have been growing on the planet since ancient times. Ferns in the process of evolution were divided into many species.

The main reproductive organs of flowering plants are seeds. They are protected by the fruit, which helps them to survive until they spread. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, the flower divide into two subspecies: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.

The main difference of flowering plants is that the reproductive organs of plants are a flower, a fruit and a seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male growth, and double fertilization also takes place.

The seed, when germinated, is saturated with water and swells, then the reserve substances are split and give energy for germination. A germ appears from the embryo, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.

Gymnosperms

This species appeared millions of years ago. Gymnosperms multiplied by spores, and in the process of evolution, seeds appeared. In its structure, the fruit is a lump. The seed is located under the scales and is not protected.

In gymnosperms, reproductive organs can be of various types. Some have cones, others they are like berries.

These include not only coniferous, but also deciduous trees. In the deserts of Kenya, an amazing plant grows, which has only two large leaves. His cousin is ephedra. This gymnosperm plant, which has small round berries.

The process of pollination

As is known, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit and a seed. For the fertilization process to take place, pollination is necessary, which helps the appearance of offspring.

In angiosperms, the fusion of male and female cells takes place. This is due to cross-pollination. This is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another. In some cases self-pollination occurs.

Assistants are needed for cross-pollination. First of all, these are insects. They sweeten the sweet pollen and carry it from the flower to the flower on their stigmas and wings. After this, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated with the help of insects are painted in bright and juicy shades. After coloring, they are attracted by the fragrance. Insects smell the flower, being away from it at a sufficiently large distance.

Wind-dusted plants are also equipped with special devices. Their anthers are fairly freely located, so the wind carries pollen. For example, a poplar blooms during the winds. This makes it possible to carry pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.

There are plants in which small birds help in pollination. Their flowers do not have a sharp flavor, but are equipped with a bright red coloration. It attracts birds to drink nectar, and at the same time pollination takes place.

Evolution of plants

After the advent of land, nature changed. Plants gradually evolved, and replaced by ferns came flowers, shrubs and trees. This was due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.

Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For the reproduction, spores and seeds began to appear in which the sex cells were located.

Gradually appeared shoots, leaves and fruits. After reaching the dry land, the plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.

Plants adapted and developed. Spore species began to reach 40-meter height. All the new reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.

Inside the seed, an embryo was formed, which after germination and sprouting germinated. Getting to the ground, he ate useful substances and turned into a sprout.

The evolution of the fertilization process led to the appearance of angiosperms, in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.

The importance of plants for humans

The use of the natural world for people is priceless. Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also transform inorganic substances into necessary for life. With the help of the root system, shoots and leaves, gas exchange takes place.

Green plants accumulate valuable organic substances, purify the air of carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.

Thanks to natural resources people get more valuable products needed for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases, in the production of cosmetics.

Since the reproductive organ of the plant is the fetus and the seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Berries, which grow on bushes, like almost everything. Interestingly, coal and oil also came from vegetation. Peatlands - this is the birth of algae and ferns.

The vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and germinate new plants.