Types and forms of lessons. Forms of conducting lessons of history, ISO, reading, the world around us

The success of schoolchildren's mastery of new material largely depends on how interesting and unobtrusive it is. Often, various non-standard forms of lessons come to the aid of the teacher. This is especially true for primary school students, who have a strong desire for something new, unusual. Numerous studies show a steady mastery of knowledge and skills, if they were acquired in a non-standard form, when the child was really interested in learning. Teachers are often resorted to such activities quite often, and non-standard forms of conducting lessons have become so diverse that it is easy to choose suitable for any subject.

What is a lesson?

Before talking about non-standard lessons, I want to mention that this is a lesson in general, what goals he pursues.

The lesson is the basic unit of the school educational process. It is in these 45 minutes that the teacher needs to give the children knowledge of a particular topic, develop certain skills and skills. Each specific lesson should have its own goal, which is realized through a number of tasks: teaching, developing and educating.

Ultimately, at the exit from the audience, the child must understand a specific topic, be able to navigate in concepts and be able to solve practical problems.

Basic Forms

The classical technique distinguishes the following types and forms of lessons:

1. Post new material. The structure of the lesson is the following: actualization (organizational moment) attracts the attention of children, addresses questions concerning missing, on duty; Message of the topic of the lesson and those goals that need to be achieved on it; The main part is work on new material; Consolidation of the passed; Summarizing the lesson. Also, in such lessons there is a stage of checking the homework, but it can be included by the teacher at any place, depending on the concept of the lesson.
2. Lessons are practical. These lessons are similar in structure to those described above, however, in the main stage, special attention is paid to the practical skills of the students themselves (working out rules, solving problems, examples, working with maps, laboratory work).
3. Systematization and consolidation of the passed. Such lessons are usually conducted before the control and test studies. Here, practical tasks alternate with the repetition of the learned rules and postulates, for which knowledge control is to be carried out.
4. A lesson in the control of knowledge and skills. The main goal of such a lesson is to check how well the children have learned the material. Can be conducted in various forms: control work, test, diagnostic work (complex), lesson-offset.
5. Combined lesson. At a similar lesson, for example, there can be a simultaneous announcement of a new and practical training. Systematization and control are also combined.

Non-standard lessons and modern children

At present, the problem is acute that modern schoolchildren, especially pupils of primary classes, are completely different from their predecessors, and what was acceptable in the Soviet era now does not always lead to the desired result. Guys now have a special inquisitiveness, they are more mobile, and the system is not the same.

In addition, children have become more active. This applies to their psyche. If a schoolboy of the Soviet era could sit quietly at a desk for 45 minutes in a row, the modern one requires a constant change of activities, any novelty. The reason for everything is the information society, because the amount of knowledge has increased at times, and they need to be packed in the same 45 minutes, as before. So the teachers come up with such interesting forms of lessons that the children would not be bored, so that they could absorb that huge amount of knowledge that modern GEFs offer them. (GEF - Federal State Educational Standard).

What is a non-standard lesson?

What is a non-standard lesson? All of us, having studied at school, can clearly answer that any lesson at the main stage is as follows: checking the homework, telling the teacher any new information on a particular topic, fixing the material. These structural elements can change places, however, it is from them that the usual school occupation always consists. Non-standard forms of lessons suggest instead of the generally accepted "canon" to use an excellent, creative structure. Indeed, why not do the following: do not tell them new material, but ask the children themselves to get to the bottom of the truth? Or do not tell "on the fingers" about the life of medieval castles, and hold a virtual tour there.

And such types and forms of lessons can be invented endlessly, limited only to the imagination of the teacher.

The objectives of the lesson in the non-standard form are the same as those of the classical ones, so you can diversify this way in any way. When studying a new material, lessons, excursions, travel, video lessons will be relevant. Well help to learn the topics of integrated classes. These same forms are suitable for practical classes.

When a teacher needs to bring the knowledge of children into a certain system, prepare them for control work, it is necessary to choose all kinds of games, contests, disputes, courts over characters or historical personalities.

Even boring and exciting test work can be done unconventional. First, the preparation of a project on the subject and its subsequent protection will come to the rescue. It can be lessons with elements of theatrical performances, mystery lessons, fantasies.

Combined classes - a special flight for the creativity of the teacher. Any form is applicable to them. The main thing is to think through and choose the most optimal one for a specific topic.

Advantages of non-standard forms

Unconventional forms have several advantages over classical ones. First, they create a stable interest of children in the material being studied. The information that the children received not just from the teacher's lips, but, for example, in their own search or from the lips of their own classmates, will surely be remembered better, they will be more understandable.

Secondly, as a rule, such activities encourage students to creativity, develop imagination, creativity, imaginative thinking.

Third, lessons different from traditional ones allow the use of a large number of technical means and visual materials.

Teachers, as a rule, choose forms of open lessons from the category of non-traditional ones - they allow to show their creative approach to the profession, demonstrate the possession of various pedagogical technologies. It looks like such lessons are always winning.

It should be noted that excessive use of such forms can cause a backlash: the children will quickly get bored. Therefore, to introduce such elements into the educational process should be dosed. It can be just some stages of a traditional lesson, for example, playing a game while checking a homework or a dispute when learning a new material.

Lessons in the form of the game

If we talk about non-standard forms of lessons in primary classes, then the leading positions are played by gaming. It's no secret that this kind of activity, including cognitive, is the leader in the child.

Another advantage of lessons in the game form is the ability to apply for any school discipline, at any age. If for junior schoolchildren it can be games-traveling through stations, competitions, KVNs, then for older ones they can be transformed into exercises like "Brain-ring", business games and others.

If you choose unusual forms of physical education lessons, then there will also come to the rescue all kinds of games: competitions, "Funny starts"; You can even arrange a kind of Olympiad not only at the level of any class, but the whole school. To attract sports to the family, many teachers arrange joint games with their parents.

Game forms of lessons can be divided into several types: retrospective (returning to the past - role-playing and not role-playing), business (students in practice study this or that phenomenon of reality, most often, social or economic), competitions (have an competitive basis, can be either Command, and no). This is today the most common forms for attracting a steady interest in the subject. Business games are used in the middle and senior links, retrospective games, competitions, holidays have no special age restrictions.

Lessons - public practices

Children tend to copy adults. This applies not only to the manner of their behavior, but also to all possible life situations. Therefore, there will be very interesting forms of conducting lessons that allow you to feel like adults.

For example, disputes. These are the most successful forms of history lessons or other public disciplines. Such activities encourage students to prove their point of view, to conduct a dialogue on a specific topic. Preparation for such an event requires considerable preparation. It is not enough to ask the children to talk on a topic, it is necessary to study it in detail from different angles. The preparatory stage here is very important. After the event, it is also important to analyze it together with the whole class. This form of the lesson begins to be used in the middle link. Systematicity will lead to the fact that children will learn how to prove their point of view, put forward their theses, communicate on a given topic, give arguments - all this will help at the final exams when writing assignments for part C in humanitarian disciplines.

Choosing the forms of literature lessons, you can pay attention to the trial of any character. It will be something like a discussion, but the point of view of children will already be formulated, it will have to be proved using good knowledge of the text.

Lessons with a public form of communication

Close to those listed above, such lessons, where the children learn not just to discuss, but eloquently expressed by the material of the studied subject.

For example, forms of history lessons, such as a press conference, reportage or briefing, will allow not only to see the knowledge of the guys on the subject, but also show their ability to use certain terms, dates, and put specific, pressing questions. You can ask the children to interview some historical person, you can touch a certain event.

This includes such forms of ISE lessons as an excursion or a public lecture. You can ask the guys themselves to be guides, pre-preparing a message about a picture, its genre and style of performance.

Creative lessons

Particularly fond of the children are lessons where it is necessary to show creativity. Of course, this can be ordinary lessons on the IZO or the MHC, but if we consider the forms of lessons from the outside world, we can single out such a type of work as the creation of the Forest Newspaper. One group of children should be offered to prepare a story about a plant or animal, others - to systematize them and arrange them in the form of an art wall newspaper.

To bring to the students the need to preserve natural resources will help a similar type of work - compiling a Red Book of their district.

Many forms of reading lessons are also based on the creative component. In addition to art workshops, where the children illustrate a work, you can conduct a lesson with a literary orientation. Where, for example, children make up their stories, or make up tales or fables.

Lessons and fantasies

Lessons and fantasies are also based on the creative component. They differ in that in such events there is not only the compilation of a phenomenon (fairy tales, ecological history, concert), but also its full embodiment: costume or decorated artistically: on paper or as presentation.

Such forms of lessons in the school allow children not only to show their imagination, but also very close the children's team, because the guys are working on assignments together: all class or groups.

Here are some examples of fantasy lessons in various subjects of the school cycle. For example, the occupation of Russian folk tales motivates children to work. To immerse them in this atmosphere helps a special attribute of the lesson - the "magic" mirror. In the main part of the lesson, there is a quiz, the tasks of which are aimed at manifesting the pupils' imagination, for example, in a short time to portray a fairy-tale hero or make a proverb.

Another lesson, already on the IZO, timed to the Day of Cosmonautics, under the name "Planet of Friends." During the lesson, designed as a journey to a distant planet, the children depict its inhabitant - an alien.

Classes focused on the imagination of children, are good in the middle link. For example, when studying the stories of N. Nosov from the series "Fantasers" at the stage of consolidation, you can conduct a lesson-dramatization of especially loved works.

Project method

Special forms of lessons that are used by an increasing number of teachers are based on the project method. Such activities are good because they encourage students to practice, they are taught to apply the received knowledge in practice.

These lessons are aimed at revealing the identity of each child, who feels his personal responsibility to other members of the team. As a rule, a class is divided into several working groups, each of which is given a specific task. This can be any kind of activity from seeking an answer to a particular question before drawing up charts, diagrams, memos, etc. In the course of the work, children learn any new facts, systematize them, choose the main thing and make out. In other words, such forms of lessons are taught to learn.

Work on the project lasts, as a rule, the whole academic year. According to the latest educational standards, a certain number of hours are allocated for this type of work in the school schedule. The lessons of the project activity imply learning the basics of systematization, setting goals, the teacher corrects them, prompts them, directs them. They do not look like standard studies, even if the role of the teacher is minimized here: the children organize their work themselves, prioritize.

The children need to not only create a certain project, but also protect it before the teacher and the rest of the class, and maybe even the pupils of the school (recently the practice of such scientific and practical conferences in educational institutions is extremely common).

Integrated lessons

Particularly attractive for students are integrated lessons - those where two or more subjects of the school cycle are connected. They allow you to form a steady interest, show that the disciplines are related, prompting you to search for knowledge.

Forms of integrated lessons are very diverse from the traditional communication of new material and further practical activities to travel, quizzes, KVN and competitions.

You can integrate a variety of subjects of the school course. Here are some examples:

1. Literature (reading) and history. For an elementary school, such lessons are relevant when studying works about war. Much more space opens up in the middle link - then such lessons are especially justified. The fact is that the school history course lags behind the course of literature, so often the teacher-verbiage has to tell the children about this or that period. Why not combine the goals of teachers? There are a lot of examples of such lessons: Pushkin's Captain's Daughter, Cossacks in Taras Bulba by Gogol, Borodino by Lermontov, for the senior school - the poem of Blok Twelve. When studying War and Peace, you can conduct an integrated lesson in the form of a concert devoted to the reflection of this historical event in various works, literary, artistic, and musical.
2. Mathematics and the Russian language. It is very good to conduct such an integrated event when studying the topic "Numeral name". The form can be a tour of the stations, where each student will be offered a task on the topic of the Russian language or mathematics.
3. The surrounding world and ISO. The study of the theme "Seasons" can be combined with the depiction of landscapes in drawing. The same goals can be achieved through the integration of the surrounding world and technology (labor).
4. A classic example of integration is physical education and safety. In this case, you can build a specific life situation, for example, finding in the forest. It can be a lesson-game or a lesson-practical.
5. Foreign language and geography. As an example - a lesson, a journey through the country of the studied language. Also, the foreign language is well integrated with literature, history, and the Russian language.
6. Informatics and mathematics. Here the choice of topics is very diverse: from the foundations of logic to the solution of simple equations. In general, computer science can be integrated with absolutely any subject of the school course, after all, making presentations, tables, graphs, making reports is required when studying each discipline.

Video lessons

Progress does not stand still, it penetrates into all aspects of our life, including school life. It is not surprising that teachers are increasingly turning to such a form of organizing the educational process as a video lesson.

At such an event, students are included a recording or online presentation of the teacher on any topic. As a rule, the students perceive such lessons well: it is modern, new, interesting.

However, it is worthwhile to understand that it is difficult for children from the junior and middle level to look at the whole lesson on the interactive whiteboard or the screen where the broadcast is on. It will be more appropriate to include video lessons in the main activity: it will attract the attention of the children and help them better understand the topic.

Currently, a large number of educational and training videos, so finding them for any subject will not be difficult.

Consider when the most appropriate video lessons.

1. Foreign language. Watch excerpts from movies and cartoons in the language being studied is very useful. The guys will hear the speech of native speakers, learn to perceive it by ear.
2. Literature (reading). Use of fragments of production of the studied works on the stage or in the cinema. This method is good at lessons-performances: children can compare the productions, understand the vision of the work by different people.
3. Learning the letters, numbers in primary school. There are a lot of training videos on these topics.
4. Preparation for GIA and EGE in all subjects. Short video courses will help to squeeze briefly to the children the necessary information for each task of the exam.