The structure of the ship. Types and purpose of ships

Movement on rivers and seas on ships in history has been known for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a sea vessel is a cargo, passenger or commercial large-sized boat, a ship is a military one. List the types of ships and ships can be long. The most famous marine are sailboats and yachts, passenger liners and ships, boats, tankers and dry cargo ships. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.

Structure of the ship

Whatever type or class the floating craft is concerned with, it has common structural elements. First of all, of course, the hull on which the superstructures for various purposes, masts and felling are installed. An important element of all ships are engines and propulsors, in general, power plants. For the life of a boat, the devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and equipment of premises are important.

Sailing ships are equipped with a spar and rigging.

The nose is called the anterior, the stern is the rear extremity of the body, its lateral surfaces are the sides. Right-hand side of the movement of the sailors called Sturboard, the left - the tank.

The bottom or bottom is called the lower part of the ship, the decks are horizontal overlaps. The hold of the ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and the lower deck. An interdeck space is called a twindek.

Ship hull design

If we talk about the ship in general, whether it is a warship or a civil ship, its hull is a waterproof body of a streamlined shape, hollow inside. The hull ensures the buoyancy of the vessel and is the base or platform on which equipment or armament is mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.

The type of vessel determines both the shape of the hull and its dimensions.

The hull of the ship consists of a set and a plating. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent in certain types of vessels.

Sheathing can be made of wood, as in antiquity today, plastics welded together or riveted steel sheets or even reinforced concrete.

On the inner side, to maintain the strength and shape of the shell, the shell and deck are backed by a set of rigidly fixed beams, wooden or steel, which are arranged in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

At the extremities, the body most often ends with strong beams: in the stern - with a stern shoulder, and in the nose - with a stem. Depending on the type of vessel, the contours of the bow may be different. They depend on the decrease in resistance to the movement of the vessel, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness. Underwater nose of the ship reduces the resistance of water, which means that the speed of the ship increases, and fuel consumption decreases. And on the icebreakers, the stem is heavily inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls onto the ice and destroys it with its mass.

Body kit

The hull of any vessel must have strong ties in vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions to withstand water pressure, shock waves in any storm and other forces that act on it.

Underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom set, the main longitudinal link is established, which perceives the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs along the entire length of the hull, connects to the stem and stern, and its design depends on the type of vessel.

Parallel to the keel along it are the bottom stringers, their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases to the bow and stern, as the width of the bottom becomes smaller.

Often to reduce the impact of the lateral pitching of the ship, side keels are installed, they do not exceed the dimensions of the hull in width and have a different design.

Vertical steel sheets, which are called bottom floras, are installed across the body and welded to the keel and can be permeable and impermeable.

The bead set continues the bottom set and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). Fstshteven is considered to be a zero frame in the military shipbuilding, and the middle frame is midship.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.

Ship's Shell

The ship's shell consists of an external bottom and side plating and deck deck. Outer sheathing is made of horizontal individual belts joined in different ways: vnacro, butt, dent, herringbone.

The submarine parts of the ship must be the strongest, so the lower (sheet) casing belt is thicker than the intermediate belts. The same thickness is also the skin zone, which is called the shirstrek, near the beams of the upper continuous deck.

Deck flooring consists of the longest sheets, which are supported by a deck set, and limits the inner space of the ship from above. The sheets are arranged long side along the vessel. The smallest thickness of the metal deck deck is 4 mm. Wooden flooring can be made of boards.

The deck is a collection of set and flooring.

Deck of the vessel

In height, the ship's hull is divided into several decks and platforms. A platform is a deck that does not go along the entire length of the ship, but only between several bulkheads.

The decks are called according to the location on the vessel of the lower, middle and upper. In the ends of the ship (on the nose and stern) under the lower deck pass the platform, which are considered from the top down.

The number of decks and platforms depends on the size of the ship, its purpose and design.

River vessels and mixed vessels have one main or upper deck. Marine, as, for example, a passenger ship, more precisely - a passenger ship, three decks.

Large lake passenger vessels have an intermediate deck, except for the main one, which forms an inter-deck space.

A cruise liner can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four, stretching along the entire length of the ship, two platforms that did not reach either the nose or the stern, one was interrupted in the bow, and one was located just in front of the liner. The newest liner Royal Princess has nineteen decks .

The upper deck, it is also called the main deck, or the main deck, withstands the greatest stresses during lateral compression and longitudinal bending of the shell. The deck of the ship is usually carried out with a slight rise in the center to the bow and stern and convexity in the transverse direction, so that the water that fell on the deck flown to the sides more easily when the sea is troubled.

Ship superstructures

Deck superstructures are deck-like structures located along the entire width of the ship. They form closed volumes, which are used as office and residential premises. Onboard are called superstructures, the side walls of which continue to board the ship. But most of the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat conditional division into actual superstructures, which are located on a fairly large length of the ship, and cuttings, also superstructures, but short.

Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections with their names, the same names are given to the superstructures on them: tank or bow, forage or yut and mean. A semi-tank - bow superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.

The tank can occupy up to 2/3 the length of the vessel. In the elongated tank, cabins are provided on passenger ships, and cargo twins are on cargo ships.
In the stern superstructure - yute or half-deck - on cargo ships arrange living quarters for the team.

Between the superstructures, the deck is fenced with bulwarks, which must protect the deck from flooding with water.

On sea vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, the logging is performed in several tiers.

On river ships, only the rooms in which the steering wheel and radio are located are known as chopping, and all other structures on the upper deck are superstructures.

Ship bays

The structure of a ship of a military or civil vessel implies the presence of watertight compartments, which increase its unsinkability.

Internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are made watertight, dividing along the length of the inner volume of the ship into compartments. They prevent the filling of the whole internal volume with water in case of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.

The ship's compartments, depending on the destination, have their names. The main power units are installed in the compartment, which is called the engine or engine room. The machine compartment from the boiler room is separated by a watertight bulkhead. Cargoes are transported in cargo compartments (holds). Residential premises for the crew and passengers are called residential and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.

The premises in the compartments are protected by light bulkheads. To be able to get into the compartments, deck decks perform rectangular-shaped hatches. Their size depends on the purpose of the compartments.

Ship power unit

The power plant on the ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.

In motion, the ship is driven by the main engine, the ship's propeller, connected by the shaft line.

Auxiliary mechanisms provide the vessel with electricity, desalinated water, steam.

According to the principle of operation and the type of the main engine, as well as the power sources, the power plant can be steam-powered or steam-turbine, diesel, diesel-turbine, gas-turbine, nuclear or combined.

Ship devices and systems

The structure of the ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it is also the ship's devices, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Without the helmsman or anchor device, even people far from shipbuilding do not represent the ship. And on each ship there is a towing, mooring, boat, cargo device. All of them are activated and serviced by deck auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering machines, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.

Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, appliances and apparatus, by means of which water is extracted from holds or drains, drinking water or foam is given in case of fire, heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.

Engine room mechanisms are serviced by a fuel system for supplying engines, air for supplying compressed air, cooling engines.

With the help of electrical equipment, lighting is provided on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant. All modern vessels are equipped with sophisticated navigational equipment for determining the direction of movement (course) and depth, measuring the speed of travel and detecting obstacles in the fog or oncoming vessels.

External and internal communication on the ship is carried out with the help of radio equipment: radio stations, ultrashort wave radio telephones, ship telephone stations.

Ship's rooms

The ship's rooms, no matter how many of them are on the ship, are divided into several groups.

These are the living quarters for the crew (officers 'cabins and sailors' cabins) and for passengers (cabins of different capacity).

Passenger liner today is already a rarity. Few people can afford to travel at low speed for long distances. Significantly faster you can make an air flight. Therefore, passenger cabins - this is more of a cruise ship.

Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, for comfortableness are divided into several classes. The simplest cabin recalls a compartment of a railway car with four shelves and almost no furniture, often facing inside the case and not having a window or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.

The cabin on the ship, it is on the ship of the military - this is a room for the rest of the officers of the team. The ship's commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.

Public spaces are salons, cinemas, restaurants, libraries. For example, the cruise liner Oasis of the Seas has 20 restaurants on board, a real ice rink, a casino and a theater for 1380 spectators, a nightclub, a jazz club and a disco.

Sanitary facilities include sanitary and hygienic (laundry, shower rooms, bathrooms, baths) and household utilities, which include kitchens, various storage rooms and utility rooms.

Passengers are usually denied access to offices. These are the premises in which the ship is operated, or there is radio equipment, engine room, workshops, storehouses for spare parts and other ship supplies.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, storage of solid or liquid fuels.

Sailing vessel

The design of a sailing ship is a little different from an ordinary ship. Only by sailing, rigging and rigging.

Sailing armament is a set of all sails of a ship. Rig - details that directly carry the sails. This mast, rhei, mast, bowsprit, geeks and other elements, familiar from the books about pirates of the past centuries.

Special gear with which masts, bowsprits and tops are fixed in a certain position are called standing rigging, for example, a guy. Such equipment remains stationary and is made of thick resin, made from plant materials, or galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places - chains.

Movable gear, with which to put and remove sails, perform other operations associated with the management of a sailing vessel, called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.

In all other respects, even in the number of decks, sailing ships are like brothers.

A multi-decked vessel appeared under sail in the 16th century. In the Spanish galleons, depending on the displacement could be from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, in which the living quarters for the officers of the crew and passengers were located.

The structure of the ship, at least its main structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the ship, whether it is sailboats driven by the power of the wind inflating the sails, or wheel steamers with a steam engine as a propulsor, cruise ships with a steam turbine plant, or Nuclear powered icebreakers.