The role of the verb in speech. Parts of speech in Russian - verb: meaning and use

The role of the verb in speech is important extraordinarily, without it our speech is unthinkable. Nouns give objects, ideas and events names, adjectives describe their properties. And verbs, like living water, breathe life into the words surrounding them, bind them into a complete, full-fledged sentence, filling it with movement and activity. They give the thoughts an emotional coloring, show the ongoing processes not in a frozen form, but in their development, help to understand the nature of the relationship between the objects of being.

The history of the word "verb"

The progenitors of the term "verb" were the Old Slavonic words "verb" - speech, word; "You say" - you speak, you talk a lot, you say; "Verb" - conversational, talkative. Glagolitsa was the ancient alphabet of the Slavs. Even in the time of Pushkin, the word "verb" literally translated as "speech", "word", as evidenced by the famous appeal of the poet "verb burn heart." Gradually, the old meaning came to an end, and today the word "verb" is understood as part of speech.

What role does the verb in our speech

Verbs are words that indicate the state of an object or an action and answer the questions "what to do?", "What to do?" (Eat, go). With the help of verbs, the speaker can express not only the process or state, but also the signs (the leaves turn yellow), the relation (I love parents), the number (tripled incomes), the time of action (tomorrow I leave).

This is the most rich in meanings and forms of speech in the Russian language. The verb with the help of prefixes and suffixes forms a whole family of words that can subtly reflect the semantic and emotional nuances of reality, you can see it by the example of the word escape: escape - run - run away - run away - escaped - ran away - ran - ran - ran.

Grammatical meaning

The grammatical role of the verb in speech is to reflect the dynamic nature of phenomena, objects, living beings, it can characterize:

• the state of the object (lying, being, experiencing);

• physical action (work, beat, thresh);

• processes that occur with the object (to grow young, grow fat, get fat);

• movement (go, swim, fly);

• attitudes (respect, hatred, envy);

• emotions (admire, shy, sad);

• the state of nature (it is colder, it gets dark).

Grammatical forms of the verb:

1. Infinitive ( stop, breathe).

2. Personal forms (I dance - you dance - we dance - they dance).

3. Generic forms ( it fell - it fell - it fell - they fell).

4. Communion (invented, in love).

5. The gerunds (taking, starting).

6. Impersonal form, signify processes that occur without an active object (sparkling, cooked, light).

Morphological functions of verbs in speech

Verbs have several permanent and unstable morphological features.

The following are permanent.

1. Type of verb - defines the essence of the action as it relates to its completeness or incompleteness:

• Verbs that answer the question "what to do?" Are called imperfective verbs, they describe still ongoing processes (he writes a letter, she prepares dinner);
• Verbs that answer the question "what to do?" Are called perfect verbs, they describe already completed processes (he wrote a letter, she cooked dinner).

2. Transitivity of verbs determines whether an action passes to an object or not:

• Transitive verbs describe actions that extend to the object (mother feeds her daughter, I read the book);
• Intransitive verbs refer to processes that are not transferred to another object (maple leaves blush, the bird soars).

3. Recurrence shows the direction of the process to itself or to another object:

• Return verbs describe the action directed, returned to themselves, they are built with the help of suffixes "-y" and "-ya" (Lena is washing, I'm basking);
• Irrevocable verbs state the processes that are directed to another object (Lena washes her head, I'm warming her palms).

4. Conjugation regulates the writing of verbs depending on the number and genus:

• Verbs of the first conjugation have any endings, except "-it" ( yelling, wanting, shining).
• Verbs of the second conjugation have the ending "-it" (cherish, twist, give).

The non-permanent signs include the following.

1. Gender:

• Male (playing, playing);
• Female (standing, standing) ;
• Middle (gone, cooked).

2. The person:

• The first (I say, you say);
• The second (we know, you know);
• The third (he helped, she helped, they helped).

3. Time:

• Present (I seek, take, demand);
• The past (sought, taken, demanded);
• Future (I will find, take, demand).

4. Number:

• The only one ( bitten, bitten);
• Multiple (bitten, bitten).

5. Inclination:

• Indicative (I have time, she leaves);
• Imperative (always go to sleep, go away);
• Conditional (I should have, I would have left).

Syntactic value

The verb takes the most important place in the Russian syntax. First of all, it is a predicate, which, in conjunction with the subject, describes the variety of actions and states of objects. But the syntactic role of the verb in speech is much broader, it can be:

• the predicate (I (what did?) Made a birdhouse);

• supplement (I really like (what?) To make birdhouses);

• circumstance (I went to friends (why?) To make birdhouses):

• an inconsistent definition (I love one hobby - (what?) To make birdhouses);

• Subjects: ((what?) To make birdhouses - my hobby).

Stylistics

The verb contains enormous stylistic possibilities. The use of verbs in speech is diverse and depends on the situation, they can make the thought extremely clear or expressive, cold or scorching, unhurried or impetuous. They help intelligibly and painstakingly formulate the most complex processes, people's conditions, their emotions and needs.

1. Business style. Official papers are characterized by strict, capacious and dry stylistics. In the first place there is a pattern, descriptiveness, a nominal form of speech. Verbs are often replaced by cumbersome verbal nouns. In business papers there are very few verbs, about 60 pieces per 1000 words, in scientific works this figure is 90 words, and in journalistic and artistic styles - 150 verbs and more.

2. The scientific style is saturated with abstract concepts, precise definitions, characterized by restraint and logic. The purpose of scientific works is to describe and disclose regularities and various phenomena, therefore the choice of verbs is secretly regulated by the scientific community in favor of words with abstract, abstract semantics: to have, to be, to be.

3. The publicistic style is diverse: it includes both tabloid newspapers, serious analytical publications, and articles in thematic journals. Publicism is characterized by an eventual, narrative way of exposition. Stylistic coloring and the number of verbs depends on the type of publication. So, in a highly specialized text, dotted with complex nouns, the number of verbs can be minimal. And in the article devoted to the life of the TV star, the verbs will come to the fore.

4. Conversational style has an unimaginable number of gradations and semitones, its emotional and semantic content depends on the situation and temperament of the speaker. Verbs in colloquial speech help to enclose feelings, desires and states in words, to bring them to another.

5. Artistic style most fully reveals the role of the verb in speech and its potential. In the hands of the masters of the word the verb turns into a magical instrument that is able to express the most complex things in a figurative and concrete way. In the literature, verbs are often found in portable senses; in addition, all great writers skillfully use the rich synonymity of verbs, carefully searching for the most accurate word that perfectly describes the situation or the hero.

The ambiguity of the verb

The meaning and use in the speech of some verbs makes one think about even the speakers of the Russian language, what can we say about foreigners who sometimes fail to understand the meaning of a seemingly obvious proposal. It's all about the polysemy of verbs. For example, the word "break" five vocabulary values, the word "stand" - nine, and the word "take" - twelve. Language is constantly evolving, accumulating successful words and meanings. From the primary meaning of the word appear secondary and firmly enter into speech, making it colorful and imaginative.

For example, you can saw the branches, or you can - the husband; Fall in a puddle or in someone else's eyes; Clap your hands or door; Gather evidence or harvest; To hoof or buckwheat; Keep an apple, exam or word; Get off the train or go crazy; Go to heaven or for money; To give birth to a child or a thought; Sometimes runs away a dog, and sometimes - milk or time.

Synonymy

Verbs-synonyms have one meaning, but differ in emotional and stylistic coloring. For example, the word "fall" is neutral in style, the word "shmyaknutsya" or "bang" refers to the colloquial style (prostoretchnomu), "overthrown" or "collapse" - to a high, artistic style.

Synonyms show the role of the verb in our speech. The choice of the appropriate option depends on the situation and is very important, because the incorrectly spoken word not only distorts the thought and makes understanding difficult, but also puts the person in a funny position. Street slang is absurd in the scientific article, lofty verbs are awkward in everyday conversation, scientific words are superfluous in an easy artwork.