The humanistic approach: the basic features

Socium is increasingly attracting attention to creative individuals who are able to withstand competition and possess mobility, intelligence, and the ability to self-actualize and continuously creative self-development.

Interest in various manifestations of human existence and the emergence of personality is especially evident in the humanistic direction of psychology and pedagogy. Thanks to him, a person is viewed from the point of view of his uniqueness, integrity and aspiration for continuous personal improvement. At the base of the mentioned direction is the vision of the human in all individuals and the obligatory respect for the autonomy of the individual.

General concepts of humanism

"Humanism" in Latin means "humanity." And as a direction Humanistic approach In philosophy emerged in the Renaissance. He was positioned under the name "Renaissance humanism". This worldview, the main idea of which is the assertion that man is a value above all earthly goods, and on the basis of this postulate, it is necessary to build an attitude towards it.

In general, humanism is a world view that implies the value of a person's personality, his right to freedom, a happy existence, full development and the possibility of manifesting his abilities. As a system of value orientations today it took shape in the form of a set of ideas and values that affirm the universal significance of human existence both in general and in particular (for an individual person).

Before the concept "A humanistic approach To the person "the notion of" humanity "was formed, which reflects such an important personality trait as readiness and the desire to help other people, show respect, care, complicity.In principle, the existence of the human race is impossible without humanity.

This is the quality of the personality, which is the ability to consciously empathize with another person. In modern society, humanism is a social ideal, and man is the highest goal of social development, in the course of which conditions must be created for the full realization of all its potential opportunities for achieving harmony in the social, economic, spiritual sphere and the highest flowering of personality.

The main principles of the humanistic approach to man

Today, the interpretation of humanism places emphasis on the harmonious development of the individual's intellectual abilities, as well as on her spiritual, moral and aesthetic component. For this it is important to discern in a person his potential data.

The goal of humanism is a full-fledged subject of activity, cognition and communication, which is free, self-sufficient and responsible for what is happening in society. The measure, which at the same time implies a humanistic approach, Is determined by the prerequisites for self-realization of the person and the opportunities provided for this. The main thing is to let the person open up, help her to become free and responsible in creativity.

The model of the formation of such a person, from the point of view of humanistic psychology, began its development in the USA (1950-1960). It was described in the works of Maslow A., Frank S., Rogers K., Kelly J., Combsi A., as well as other scientists.

Personality

The humanistic approach described in the above theory to man, to the psychology of personality, was deeply analyzed by scientist-psychologists. Of course, it can not be said that this region has been studied completely, but considerable theoretical studies have been made in it.

This direction of psychology arose as a kind of alternative flow concept that fully or partially identifies human psychology and animal behavior. The theory of personality, viewed from the standpoint of humanistic traditions, is referred to as psychodynamic (at the same time, interactionist). This is not an experimental branch of psychology, which has a structural and dynamic organization and covers the entire period of human life. She describes him as a person, using terms of internal properties and characteristics, as well as behavioral terms.

Supporters of personality theory In the humanistic approach, first of all the perception, understanding and explanation by the person of the real events of his life is of interest. Preference is given to the phenomenology of the individual, and not the search for explanations. Therefore, this type of theory is often called phenomenological. The very description of the personality and events in her life centers mainly on the present and is described in terms such as "life goals", "meaning of life", "values", etc.

Humanism in the psychology of Rogers and Maslow

In his theory, Rogers relied on the fact that man has the desire and ability for personal self-improvement, since he is endowed with consciousness. According to Rogers, a person is a being who can be himself a supreme judge.

Theoretical humanistic approach in the psychology of personality Rogers leads to the fact that the central concept for man is the "I", with all ideas, ideas, goals and values. By operating on them, he can give himself a characterization and outline the prospects for personal improvement and development. A person should ask the question "Who am I?" What do I want and can I become? "And certainly solve it.

The image of "I" as a result of personal life experience influences self-esteem and perception of the world and environment. This can be a negative, positive or controversial assessment. Individuals with different "I" -concepts see the world in different ways. Such a concept can be distorted, and what does not fit it is replaced by consciousness. The level of satisfaction with life is a measure of the fullness of happiness. It directly depends on the consistency between the real and the ideal "I".

Among the needs of a humanistic approach in the psychology of personality distinguishes:

• Self-actualization;
• The desire for self-expression;
• Aspiration for self-improvement.

Leading among them is self-actualization. It brings together among all the theorists in this field, even with significant divergences in views. But the most widespread for consideration was the concept of the views of Maslow A.

He noted that all self-actualizing people are involved in a case. They are devoted to him, and the matter is something very valuable for a person (a kind of vocation). People of this type strive for decency, beauty, justice, kindness and perfection. These values are vital requirements and sense of self-actualization. For such a person, existence appears as a process of constant choice: move forward or retreat and do not fight. Self-actualization is a way of constant development and rejection of illusions, getting rid of false ideas.

What is the essence of the humanistic approach in psychology

Traditionally, the theories of Allport G. about personal traits, A. Maslow on self-actualization, Rogers K. about indictive psychotherapy, the life path of Buler Sh.'s personality, and the ideas of May R., are traditionally applied to the humanistic approach. The main provisions of the concept of humanism in psychology are the following:

• Initially, man has in himself a constructive genuine power;
• The formation of destructive forces occurs with the development;
• A person has a motive for self-actualization;
• On the path of self-actualization, there are obstacles that prevent the effective functioning of the individual.

Key terms of the concept:

• congruence;
• Positive and unconditional acceptance of oneself and others;
• Empathic listening and understanding.

The main objectives of the approach are:

• Ensuring the completeness of the functioning of the individual;
• Creation of conditions for self-actualization;
• Learning spontaneity, openness, authenticity, friendliness and acceptance;
• The education of empathy (sympathy and complicity);
• The development of the capacity for internal evaluation;
• Openness to the new.

This approach has limitations in the application. It's psychotic and children. A negative result is possible with the direct effect of therapy in an aggressive social environment.

On the principles of the humanistic approach

The basic principles of the humanistic approach can be summarized briefly:

• With all the limitation of being, man has freedom and independence for its realization;
• An important source of information is the existential and subjective experience of the individual;
• Human nature always strives for continuous development;
• Man is one and whole;
• Personality is unique, it needs self-realization;
• A person is directed to the future and is an active creative being.

The principles form the responsibility for actions. Man - not an unconscious tool and not a slave to the formed habits. Initially, its nature is positive and good. Maslow and Rogers believed that defensive mechanisms and fears often hinder the growth of personality. After all, often self-esteem is at odds with the one that people around give. Therefore, it faces a dilemma - the choice between accepting an assessment from the outside and the desire to remain with one's own.

Existentiality and Humanism

Psychologists representing an existential-humanistic approach are Binswanger L., Frankl W., Mei R., Budzhental, Yalom. This approach developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Let's list the main provisions of this concept:

• A person is viewed from the standpoint of real existence;
• He must strive for self-actualization and self-realization;
• The person is responsible for his choice, existence and realization of his own potentials;
• The person is free and has many choices. The problem is to avoid it;
• Anxiety is a consequence of the unrealisation of one's capabilities;
• Often a person does not realize that he is a slave of patterns and habits, is not an authentic person and lives a falsehood. To change this state, one must realize one's true position;
• A person suffers from loneliness, although he is lonely from the beginning, as he comes into the world and leaves it alone.

The main goals pursued by the existential-humanistic approach are:

• The education of responsibility, the ability to set tasks and solve them;
• Learning to be active and overcome difficulties;
• Search for activities where you can freely express yourself;
• Overcoming suffering, experiencing "peak" moments;
• Training concentration choices;
• Search for authentic meanings.

Free choice, openness for the upcoming new events - a landmark for the individual. This concept rejects conformism. These qualities are laid down in human biology.

Humanism in Education and Education

The norms and principles that promote the humanistic approach in education, Are oriented at ensuring that the system of relations between the "educator / pupil" is based on respect and justice.

So, in pedagogy of K. Rogers the teacher should wake up the pupil's own powers to solve his problems, and not decide for him. You can not impose a ready solution. The goal is to stimulate personal work to change and grow, and they are unlimited. The main thing is not a set of facts and theories, but a transformation of the student's personality as a result of independent learning. The task of education is to develop the possibilities of self-development and self-actualization, the search for one's individuality. K. Rogers defined the following conditions under which this task is implemented:

• Pupils in the process of learning solve problems that are significant for them;
• The teacher feels congruent towards the students;
• He treats the disciples unconditionally;
• The teacher shows empathy to the students (penetration into the inner world of the student, a look at the environment through his eyes, while remaining himself;
• Educator - assistant, stimulant (creates favorable conditions for the student);
• He encourages students to a moral choice, providing material for analysis.

The person who is brought up is the highest value, having the right to decent living and happiness. Therefore, the humanistic approach to education, which affirms the rights and freedom of the child, contributing to its creative development and self-development, is a priority in pedagogy.

This approach requires analysis. In addition, it is necessary to fully understand the concepts (diametrically opposed): life and death, lies and honesty, aggression and goodwill, hatred and love ...

Sports education and humanism

At present, the humanistic approach to training an athlete excludes the process of training and training, when the athlete acts as a mechanical subject achieving the result set before him.

Studies have shown that often athletes, achieving physical perfection, cause serious damage to the psyche and their health. It happens that inadequate loads are being applied. This works for both young and mature athletes. As a result, this approach leads to psychological breakdowns. But at the same time, studies show that the possibilities of becoming an athlete's personality, its moral, spiritual attitudes, and the formation of motivation are limitless. The approach aimed at its development can be fully implemented if the values of the athlete and the coach are changed. Such an installation should become more humane.

Becoming a sportsman of humanistic qualities is a rather complicated and lengthy process. It must be systematic and requires the trainer (educator, teacher) to master the technology of high fineness. This approach is focused on the humanistic installation - the development of the individual, her mental, physical health by means of sports and physical culture.

Management and Humanism

Today, various organizations strive to constantly improve the level of culture of their staff. In Japan, for example, any enterprise (firm) is for its employees not just a place of earning money for living, but also a place that unites individual colleagues in a collective. For him, the spirit of cooperation and interdependence play an important role.

The organization is the continuation of the family. A humanistic approach to management is seen as a process that creates a reality that enables people to see events, understand them, act accordingly situations, giving meaning and significance to one's own behavior. In fact, rules are means, and the main action occurs at the moment of choice.

Each aspect of the organization is loaded with symbolic meaning and helps create reality. The humanistic approach focuses on the person, not on the organization. To realize this, it is very important to be able to integrate into the existing value system and change in the new conditions of activity.