The foundation for the frame house with their own hands. Types of foundations, calculation, construction

The construction of a house often replaces the purchase of an apartment. The cost of these types of housing is almost the same, but in the case of erecting a skeleton cottage budget can be significantly saved. All work on the construction of the structure - from the base to the roof - can be done independently, knowing the technology. Building a foundation for a frame house with their own hands will not be difficult even for a person who has not previously engaged in similar business. In this article, we will consider the types, methods of erection and the appropriateness of applying a particular type of foundation for each case.

What is a frame cottage

The technology of building modern lightweight houses came to us from the countries of America. Their other name is Canadian. In these countries, most of the out-of-town buildings are made using this technology, which justifies itself: the home is warm, reliable, serves for many years, is cheap, is being built quickly. In Russia, such objects appeared relatively recently (about 15 years ago), but are actively gaining popularity due to their qualities.

The technology of construction of frame and frame-panel houses is as follows:

1. On the foundations are installed a vertical frame of walls of wooden beams along the entire perimeter.
2. Fill the space between the guide sandwich panels or shields from the OSB and insulation.
3. The walls are covered with facade and finishing materials.

Thus, the construction of the walls is very easy. What is the best foundation for a frame house? Not exactly powerful, it's not necessary. This saves not only the construction time, but also money for materials and labor.

Is there a single solution?

There is no exact answer to the question, what kind of foundation is better for a frame house. There are many kinds of lightweight structures, the use of which is optimal in this or that case. The basis can be:

• Pile;
• Tape;
• Columnar;
• Shallow;
• Slab.

Materials for the foundation apply different:

• concrete;
• reinforced concrete;
• tree.

Thus, there may be several options for constructing a base under the house. The choice is influenced by:

• The size of the house;
• Number of storeys;
• Depth of soil freezing;
• Availability of groundwater;
• Type of soil: mobile, moist, viscous, hard;
• Presence / absence of basement.

The best foundation for a frame house is one that takes into account all the nuances of construction and geological conditions. Correctly selected base will last long enough to save time and money.

Determine the characteristics of the base

The first step is to determine the type of soils in the area of the proposed construction. The best way to do this is to order engineering and geological surveys. Specialists will determine:

• The exact type of soils and their characteristics;
• The presence of groundwater and its nature;
• Will draw up a plan of the site, taking into account the differences in elevations and terrain features.

True, such pleasure is expensive and takes a lot of time. Another option is to find a neighbor at a site that has already applied for such a service and has the results of expertise of its territory on hand. As a rule, the characteristics of soils in one locality have the same properties.

If the neighbor with the conclusion was not found, you can try to determine the type of soil yourself. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Dig a hole to the depth of freezing in the region. You can find out by using the map.
2. Analyze the cut of the soil along the side wall of the pit.

• Rocky ground is a rocky and gravel base. They are strong enough, able to withstand any weight, do not hold water (if there is no inclusion of a large amount of clay in the composition).
• Large sands and cartilaginous soils also have a low degree of sheaf and a strong base.
• Finely-sandy soils are not the best option for construction. They retain water, which solidifies in the upper strata and acts on the foundation in an ejecting and compressive way. This property is called puchinistosti.

• Loam and clay are the most unfavorable type of soil. Their mobility and floating depends on the height of the occurrence of groundwater. But even with their absence, moisture from precipitation often suffers. On a site with such grounds large puddles are formed, since water in the earth leaves very slowly.

The type and depth of the foundation for the frame house light depends on the geological conditions of the territory.

We take into account the depth of freezing

This aspect is relevant for soils prone to whipping. Rock rocks, in which water does not stay, at any time serve as a solid base, unlike fine-sand and clay soils. In the presence of the latter, the depth of the foundation must be greater than the freezing point, then it will be able to fix the building firmly in one place and position. This is necessary to prevent uneven settling of the structure, which can lead to disruption of the integrity of the house, its destruction or large investments in repairs.

It is also important to learn about the availability of groundwater. If they are present, you need to look for a way to deal with them or equip the structure in such a way that it can stand in a humid environment and conditions of a strong abyss. The depth of soil freezing does not participate in the calculations of the pile foundation.

Determine with the construction

Based on the work done to determine the type of soil and the depth of its freezing, it is possible to decide which construction of the foundation of the frame house is optimal in this place.

1. On clay soils and melkozeschanyh establish a pile foundation. It fixes the structure in strong layers below the groundwater level.
2. Strong bases with a fine bedding work well on strongly-punched loams and silty rocks. They play the role of "boat", able to stay afloat and keep the house in one plane throughout the construction area.
3. Rocky, coarse-grained, cartilaginous soils themselves are a solid base, so do not require a solid foundation - ribbon, shallow and columnar will be enough.

In the presence of groundwater, special types of waterproof concrete are chosen and additional waterproofing of the foundation walls is used. If the UGV is high, you should abandon the basement. In addition, it is advisable to arrange a drainage system throughout the site or directly at the house: along the perimeter dig a trench, on it excess fluid goes in the given direction.

In the main stages we sorted it out. Further, in detail we will consider the principles of the device of different constructions of foundations and ways of their installation.

Pile foundation foundation

It is a widespread type, universal in application. Since Russia is not rich in solid rocks, puchynisty primers of various degrees of freezing prevail over a larger area, pile foundation is used for the construction of buildings for different purposes and floors. The pillars penetrate deep into the soil and are fixed by the lower ends in dense layers. Due to this, the construction, based on them, is reliably fixed relative to the surface of the earth.

To arrange a pile foundation for a frame house with your own hands, first of all you should calculate the number of poles for the structure. For this you need:

1. Look into the project, if there is one. If it does not, see below.
2. Draw a perimeter of the future house on paper in scale. Mark the points where the piles are installed (in all corners, at the points where the walls intersect, along the perimeter with a step of 1.5-2 meters). Since the frame house has a low weight, the reinforcement of the structure is most likely not required, so it is enough to dispense with a simple arrangement.
3. Count the number of marked points.

The next stage will be a decision which piles to use: finished ferro-concrete or screw products from the factory or filled in ready-made wells on their own site.

1. Finished poles are buried using a special installation. They are slaughtered to the desired mark in the designated places, then cut off the remaining ends in the level. For a lightweight building, it is enough to buy piles with a minimum cross-section.
2. Screw metal supports are screwed with a special device.
3. If a decision is made to build a pile independently, first the wells are drilled, the bases of which must be made wider for stability. The depth depends on the geological conditions of the terrain. You need to get to a solid foundation. Then a waterproofing material is installed in the cavity, for example, a hollow tube or a twisted ruberoid. After this, lay the frame and produce a concrete fill. Optimum use of the solution of the brand M300-M400. Well, if it includes special additives, giving the stone waterproof properties.

Piles are installed, now you need to arrange grillage. In the future, it will rely on a wall frame.

Grillage can be prefabricated or monolithic. The difference lies in the way of installation:

1. The assembly is mounted on reinforced concrete piles, topped with a head.
2. Monolithic arrange on the construction site: install the formwork, as necessary, lay a cushion of ASG on the bottom of the grillage, waterproof it with a roofing paper and put a ready-made frame, which is connected with the pile pillar reinforcement. After this, the concrete mixture is poured.

The foundation is ready. It is worth noting that this design does not imply the existence of a basement.

Column foundation

Optimum for an even relief in relatively stable soils. It looks like a pile, but less deep.

The column foundation for the frame house can be built with your own hands using the following technology:

1. Make markup on the plan. Supports are located in the corners, the intersections of the walls, along the perimeter with a step of 2-3 meters. Next, transfer these points to the site.
2. Digs pits under the pillars. If the foundation is made of asbestos pipes or monolithic poles, the grooves are produced by a motor-lessor leased for a day. Under the stone pillars of the pit digging with a shovel. The size of the notch is 60x80 cm, and the depth should be 20-30 cm below the freezing level of the soil.
3. Waterproofing for the monolithic element is carried out immediately - a roofing material is laid in the pit. For stone, brick or butov pillars it is arranged already for the finished product.
4. For the concrete version, the reinforcing cage is installed.
5. Mount the formwork above the ground level to the required height (minimum 40 cm).
6. Pour in the solution.

On ready poles arrange grillage. This is carried out on the same principle as in the pile foundation. It can not be, then on tops of racks stack a wooden bar which will serve as a support for a skeleton.

The final stage is the device of the wall firing filling the space between the pillars. Between them dig a trench 20-30 cm in depth, pour the foundation with concrete, after its hardening spread the wall. If this is not done, then additional insulation will require a lower ceiling, so that the floor in the house is not cold.

The column foundation for the frame house itself is not difficult to make. It is important to remember that the construction of a basement with such a structure is very problematic, therefore, it is worth noting this idea. On the other hand, the foundation is erected quickly and is much cheaper than pile or belt.

Wooden foundation

A kind of hybrid pile and columnar. The wooden foundation is suitable for a small frame house, but because of comparative fragility under residential cottages it is rarely used. It is optimal for suburban buildings: the impact of minimal loads on the base, low cost of installation and material, high speed of the device. In addition, the tree has a natural elasticity, which allows it to acquire the original shape after minor deformations from the grounding.

The lightest structures have seasonal frame-panel houses. The foundation for them can be the most uncomplicated. It is in such cases that wooden poles are used. Although in Venice on such grounds high-rise buildings are not one hundred years, because of the longevity in this case can be argued.

For piles are suitable for certain types of wood: beech, larch, oak, pine. For workpieces are suitable areas of wood with a diameter of at least 20 cm. The product can remain round or get a rectangular section with a side of 20 cm. The piles are treated with special solutions that prolong the life of the wood in unfavorable conditions. Before their direct burial, the pillar 1-2 should be wrapped with layers of ruberoid or other polymeric material, then the soil will not stick to the product. This will allow the pile to glide relative to the base in the vertical direction when pummeling the soil, and also keep it for a longer period.

How to mount a wooden foundation for a frame house with your own hands:

1. Produce a markup according to the already known scheme: the angles - the intersections - the perimeter with a step of 1.5-2 meters.
2. Transfer the location of the pillars to the site.
3. In the ground, digging pits with a diameter of 1.5 times larger than the pile. The depth should exceed the level of freezing of soils and reach dense layers. If they are not available, you should start the column below the level by 0.5 m.
4. Arrange a pillow of stones or a wooden cross.
5. Fill 15-20 cm of concrete mixture and immerse the pillars in it. When the solution seizes, it will fix the pile.
6. Make backfilling and compaction of the soil.

Lightweight belt foundation

Widely distributed among developers because of its low cost and high installation speed. The lightweight foundation foundation for the frame house is used on solid bases where there is no need for large burying and massive support.

The main difference between this design and the usual one is the reduced depth of the sole and the dimensions of the tape itself. This is acceptable for light structures, in particular for residential frame houses.

Mounting technology:

1. Dig a trench or excavation (affects the presence of the basement). In any case, the width of the notch should be greater than the prescribed perimeter by 0.5 meters for the convenience of work. The depth depends on the UGW, on the average - 0,8-1,5 meters (including the cushion device).
2. Mark the perimeter of the foundation wall. It is important to correctly measure all angles and check the parallelism of the sides.
3. Install the formwork. Its height is determined by the presence and size of the cap, but not below 40 cm above ground level. The width of the future tape is calculated as the wall thickness + 100 mm. For a frame-shaped light house, you can make 200-300 mm.
4. The pillow from the ASG is filled (10-20 cm).
5. Install the frame.
6. Fill the concrete mortar M300-M400.

Easy foundation for the frame house is convenient in that it does not require special preparation and installation of additional structures for the erection of walls.

Plate

Not always soils favor the standard solutions for construction. In Russia there are many territories with clayey and strongly puchynisty soils. But this is not a reason for them to be empty. Even for such cases, there are solutions.

If you happen to have a plot with floating soils, it is advisable to build a solid monolithic foundation for a frame house for construction. It is quite possible to do this with your own hands. The technology is similar to creating a lightweight tape:

1. In the soil, the excavation is made to the depth of the fertile soil layer and the upper opened formation is compacted.
2. Next, arrange a gravel-sand cushion about 20 cm thick.
3. Roll out 2-3 layers of polymer waterproofing.
4. Fill the preparatory layer of concrete to 5 cm.
5. Mount the frame. It should be thorough, since the slab perceives significant loads from the ground. For grids take a thick reinforcement with a diameter of 12-16 mm, stack it with a step of no more than 40 cm in both directions. The bars are bandaged with wire. Two planes are made and join them at a distance equal to the height of the plate (10-15 cm), minus the protective layer of concrete (up to 5 cm).
6. Pour in the solution. It will take a lot of it, do not choose low quality concrete in order to save. Optimal brand - M300-M400.

A monolithic slab is located in the ground level, while assuming the construction of a basement floor and a basement (it serves as a floor). More massive and recessed for a small house is not needed, this is used for large buildings.

Warming and waterproofing

The foundations of a wooden frame house require special finishing. Waterproofing is desirable for all structures below ground level for any material. So the elements are better preserved. This is especially true with a high level of groundwater.

Thermal insulation of the basement and the walls of the basement will ensure minimum costs for the insulation of the floor of the first floor. In those houses where there is no basement, the space between the ceiling and the ground can be covered with expanded clay and sand. These materials prevent the drawing of heat from the lower room. That they are not humidified, it is possible to lay their ruberoid sheet from both parties.

The walls of the basement and grillage are laid along the outside with polystyrene plates.