The concept of the causes and conditions of criminality in criminology

To develop and implement scientifically based measures to prevent criminal acts, it is necessary to know what generates them. . For this purpose, the concept of determination of crime and the causes, conditions of criminality is considered . This problem is considered one of the most difficult in science. . Let us further consider the concept of the causes and conditions of crime, the types of determination .

Relevance of the issue

: Concept and system of causes and conditions of crime :

1. Disclose the nature of criminally punishable acts as socially-negative phenomena.
2. Explain the origin, preservation, existence, and in some cases, the activation of crime.
3. The factors that influence the change in the situation in a particular territory at a certain time are fully, qualitatively and comprehensively reflected.
4. Allow to organize and provide effective resistance.

Methodological basis

The problem is examined using a scientific concept. As a methodological basis is, in particular, determinism. It is a doctrine of interaction, the interconnection of processes, objects, phenomena, things. Determination comes from the Latin word. It in translation means "determinant". Consider the basic concepts used in practice . The causes and conditions of crime are many. All of them are grouped into the following categories:

1. Mediation. It is not an immediate availability of facts, but an indirect one - through other circumstances.
2. Causality. This is a kind of determination, the essence of which lies in the producing, genetic connection of the phenomenon with the effect.
3. Correlation. This is a multifactor determination in mass structures. Within its framework, a change in one set of circumstances toward a decrease / increase causes corresponding adjustments in others. With the help of correlation, not only the concept of the causes and conditions of crime is studied . также является предметом исследования. Their social conditioning is also the subject of research.

Process Specificity

Determination is a complex interaction of bonds of different forms:

1. The statistical consists in changing the distribution parameters of some factors depending on the dynamics of others. For example, the increase in the level of crime is caused by an increase in the number of citizens residing on the territory.
2. The temporary assumes that changing a certain phenomenon over a period will lead to correction of another factor.
3. Connection of states. It is characterized by the fact that the properties of the phenomenon under specific conditions determine its characteristics at another time. For example, a situation in which the specific proportion of minors is large, without taking the necessary measures, will lead, in the future, to an increase in recidivism and an increase in the number of convicted young people.
4. Communication in space. It expresses the distribution of criminogenic situation within the territory in accordance with economic, social, geographical, ethnographic, demographic and other differences in specific regions of the country.

Fundamental provisions

рассматривается в соответствии с философским представлением, которое выражается в следующем: The concept of the causes and conditions of criminality in criminology is examined in accordance with the philosophical view, which is expressed in the following:

1. Any phenomenon indirectly or directly, indirectly or directly associated with other events.

должно рассматриваться с учетом многоступенчатости, сложности и иерархичности характера взаимодействий между факторами. 2. The concept of the causes and conditions of crime should be considered taking into account the multistage, complexity and hierarchy of the nature of interactions between factors.

3. The existence of a universal link does not mean their equivalence and equivalence. It is necessary to distinguish between essential and nonessential interactions, indirect and direct, reverse and direct.

4. The relationship between the effect and the cause can have a different character (mental, physical, mechanical, and so on).

5. In the objective plan, the factor generates a consequence in reality, and not in the mind of a person.

6. By time, the cause always comes before the investigation.

7. The factor is effective only under certain circumstances. It is with their interrelation that the consequence arises.

8. The effect of one cause under the same conditions generates the same results.

9. There are prerequisites for each factor. In this case, each consequence generates its own results. One reason can cause several consequences. As well as one result can have more than one premise.

10. In philosophy, the relativity of the differentiation of each phenomenon into causes and conditions is recognized. In other words, any premise can become to some extent a circumstance. In this case, any condition in another respect can act as a cause.

Principles

следует усвоить ряд положений: Before formulating the concept of the causes and conditions of criminality in criminology, a number of provisions should be learned:

1. Between the actions for the investigation, analysis and evaluation of misconduct and the organization of the fight against it, it is necessary to establish the prerequisites and circumstances associated with it.

2. In practice, there is no main, general reason that could be exhaustively explained the emergence and existence of crime in its diversity. Accordingly, it is not possible to create a universal list of prerequisites.

3. Despite the existence of typical common factors that generate crime, in their different manifestations and combinations they can cause different types of misconduct. They have different influences on the definition of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

4. Conditions and causes are always of a social nature. This is due to the fact that they are generated by social relations.

5. Reasons and conditions are not a random set of determinants of unlawful behavior, but form a system. They are mostly negative, contradict the established socio-economic, legal, ideological, political and other foundations.

Mercenary crime: the concept of cause and conditions

For the manifestation of misconduct, certain prerequisites must exist. отражает ключевые факторы, способствующие ее возникновению. The concept of the causes and conditions of crime reflects the key factors contributing to its emergence. As the preconditions social phenomena and processes act. When they interact with circumstances that are conditions, they determine the presence of crime as a socially negative phenomenon. Prerequisites can refer to any specific actions - the types of criminal acts. At the individual level, they are manifested in the form of motivation to commit a specific unlawful act. The conditions of crime are called processes or phenomena that are not capable of generating an unlawful act on their own. However, they are accompanied by assumptions in space and time, influencing them. Accordingly, the conditions provide a certain development of causes, which is necessary for the emergence of consequences in the form of a committed crime.

Nuances

, необходимо отметить, что в тех или иных ситуациях обстоятельства могут присутствовать либо отсутствовать. Considering the concept of the causes and conditions of crime , it should be noted that in certain situations situations may or may not be present. Meanwhile, an unlawful act may not be committed. For example, the lack of a lock on a warehouse door with material values is considered an indisputable condition conducive to the implementation of an unlawful act. However, theft from the warehouse may not be. Conditions that prevent the commission of unlawful actions are called anticriminogenic.

Analysis

целесообразно в соответствии со структурным уровнем. Investigate the concept of the causes and conditions of crime is appropriate in accordance with the structural level. First of all, the situation within the society is analyzed. It operates global processes of a social nature. They form an objective pattern for the existence of crime. In addition, small groups (informal and formal) need to be investigated. изучается и на уровне индивида. The concept of the causes and conditions of crime is also studied at the individual level. In this case, the motive of a particular subject is considered when performing a certain illegal action.

Characteristics

When considering the causal complex of crimes, the following features are used:

1. Socio-demographic. These include the number, population density, national and sex and age composition, migration, the ratio of groups according to family, professional, territorial status and so on.
2. Economic. This category includes sources of raw materials and other natural resources, the availability of free economic zones, the prevailing economic sectors, the state of the budget, the intensity of investment, the course of privatization and other economic reforms, the degree of development of private entrepreneurship,
3. Law enforcement. In this category, there are characteristics of forces involved in policing, the material and technical base of the ATS, the degree to which citizens comply with legislation, the level of activity of the population in combating offenses, and so on.
4. Socio-cultural. This category includes characteristics of the level of education of the population, the provision of sports and entertainment and other institutions, life style, traditions, customs, stereotypes associated with national, ethnopsychological, historical and other factors.

Concept and classification of causes and conditions of crime

Differentiation is carried out on different grounds. Depending on the direction, there are violent, mercenary criminality. The concept of cause and condition is also differentiated in terms of subject composition. These or those prerequisites may be manifested among adults, minors, men, women, people living in rural, urban areas and so on. Depending on the level of action, the determinants distinguish between general and particular causes and conditions. The former are considered as typical categories typical of most cases. The latter relate to specific types of deeds. On the territorial basis, the causes and conditions are singled out:

1. On a national scale.
2. Regional.
3. Local (object).

In accordance with the temporal prevalence of prerequisites and circumstances may be permanent or temporary.

Nature categories

On this basis, the reasons and conditions can be subjective and objective. The latter are such circumstances and prerequisites that exist regardless of the human will. They form the historically determined degree of development of the economy, society. To objective categories also include various kinds of natural disasters and other natural phenomena, in which it is possible to commit unlawful acts. Objective causes and conditions do not lend themselves directly to the present time. For example, the degree of reliability of technology can not be accurately determined and changed. In this regard, the prevention of such causes and conditions is carried out by blocking or neutralizing. Subjective circumstances and prerequisites are presented in the form of certain components of social psychology. They are characterized by deformation of moral foundations, distortion of the legal consciousness of the individual committing the crime.