Education, History
The Battle of the River Kayale: date. Where is the river Kayala?
The name "river Kayala" is found only in one Old Russian work, namely, in the "Lay of Igor's Host", which conceals in itself eight hundred years of its creation countless mysteries and mysteries.
Why study a work
Why study the origin of the work, the place where it was written, the time of writing? To look into its content, to understand its essence. Mysterious and mysterious river Kayala. She is mentioned eight times in the text of the scribe. Historical geographers can not reliably say where the river Kayala is located. In the 70s of the last century, Ukrainian archaeologists produced large surveys, but found no traces of the battle. If it were not for three works, we would never have known about some kind of supernumerary prince Igor, especially we would not have heard of the river near which the battle took place. The river Kayala is a semi-mythical river.
Psychology of creativity
Old Russian writers wrote not by themselves, but by grace, in prayer. They had a completely different attitude to the scripture, that is, the monk was called by the abbot of the monastery and gave obedience. So the author of "The Words ..." is not an exception. Any Old Russian scribe did not want to give out, stick himself out, but wanted to dissolve in his work.
And why did the author write "The Word ..."?
If you look at all the ancient Russian literature of the 11th-12th centuries, you can see that she does not know fiction. The river Kayala, which is mentioned in the "Word", apparently, in modern names has a different name. Academician D. Likhachev saw in her the river Syuurly.
Igor's campaign
Once in the Bible it was said that Sim, Ham, Japheth, the sons of the righteous Noah, divided the land, and there was a treaty that they do not transgress each other's land. Its land should and should be protected, but it is strictly forbidden to go on aggressive campaigns. This prohibition is violated by Igor Svyatoslavovich.
Unnecessary trek
And now he yearns for her, and the broken Polovtsians are weak, they will not be able to resist him. He decisively goes to another country's land not to defend himself, but to win both wealth and honor and glory. This alone is bad and contradicts the biblical commandments, pride leads to it - the greatest sin. And God gives him a sign - stop, turn back. It sends a total solar eclipse.
Continuation of the trek
And he sees both Igor and his brother Vsevolod, who is Igor's vassal, and son Vladimir, and nephew, Prince Svyatoslav, as the poet describes, an army covered with darkness. But Igor persists. He believes that it is better to perish. Let there be a battle on the river Kayale, than to wait with the fear of a Polovtsian raid, sitting at home. "I want," he says, "either to lay down his head, or to defeat the Polovtsi."
Trek to perdition
These terrible and formidable signs strengthen the impression of the future tragic outcome of the few Igorev troops. And the formidable wolves, the help of the Polovtsi, are already settling along the ravines, waiting for accidental prey, the birds of prey are sitting on the battlefield in the oaks, waiting for the food. It turns out that the steppe animals then sympathize with the Russians, worry for them, then threaten them and spite.
Tmutarecani
This area was in the area of the current Taman. In the Byzantines it was called otherwise - Tamatarha. But in the XI century it was a Russian principality with a large Russian population and was ruled by Chernigov princes. Is that why Igor saw her as her lot, her "stepfather", forcibly torn away by the Polovtsi, which should be returned. On the spurs of the Caucasus Mountains, in the gorges, perhaps the river Kayala originated. This is where she was, according to the definition of the poet, fast. And the plains and steppe rivers are all smooth, with a slow current, and a battle took place on the river Kayale in its quiet, non-flowing current.
Night before the battle
The long fading night of Igor's army awaits a fight. The author correctly noted that a sleepless night with tense anticipation always seems painfully long and troubling.
The first collision
But the Polovtsians are unaware of being caught. And Igor was counting on it. Igor's troops lined up along the battle formation. Four of them were basic. In the center is Igor's regiment, on the right is Vsevolod's regiment, to the left - Svyatoslav, nephew of Igor, ahead of Vladimir, Igor's son. By the way, he was 14 years old. And he had to take the first blow at himself. Ahead of the formation stood the best, best of all regiments archers.
And the battle began
In a word, Igor encouraged his army and princes. And the battle began on the river Kayale (date - May 5, 1185, Friday). Polovtsy also built their streltsy. They gave a salvo of bows and ran back. The fighting system of the Polovtsi was destroyed. The advanced regiments pursued them. Igor and Vsevolod, not hurrying, went, keeping the fighting system. Good luck on Friday. They captured the prisoners and captured the nomadic dwellings of the Polovtsians on carts. Some of the regiments chased the filthy for a long time, until night, and returned with a polonium. According to the testimony of the Ipatiev Chronicle, the Russians after the first skirmish seized the rich prey. They were rich Byzantine fabrics, highly appreciated everywhere, blankets and bedspreads, outer clothing, lined with expensive fur and covered with expensive fabrics, sewn with gold threads and spears, and bunchukes - horse tailings on the shaft, which served as a sign of power. Bunchuk's hair was dyed red.
Day two and three
Poetically, the scribe describes the black clouds coming from the sea. This metaphor serves in folk poetry as the symbol of an impending enemy. These storm clouds want to cover our brave princes and their army. And in the clouds trembling, sparkling, blue-violet lightning flashes. Everything was dragged by the haze.
Sad end
For three days Igor tried to get out to the Donets. People were suffering from thirst, and more horses. Many were wounded and killed in Russian regiments. Green papoloma, that is, a black burial cloth, covers the dead, but here it is meant that they cover the grass.
From morning till evening the army fought desperately. The soldiers fought the second night as well, and at the dawn the kovui (Turkic warriors living in the Chernigov princedom) flinched. Igor could not hold them. And on the way back was taken prisoner. He saw how his brother Vsevolod fought and asked, according to the chronicle, death, not to see the death of his brother. A half dozen people were saved from the whole Russian army. The rest drowned.
For the first time the Russian army suffered a terrible defeat. This special tragedy chained so much attention to Igor's campaign. And the stories about the steppe campaign of the Russian prince were compiled. And with respect to the river Kayala, it should be said that its search is the task of historians-geographers and archaeologists. Perhaps, and her tracks were gone, as the battle places of Igor were lost.
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