Shallow formwork: device, dimensions, assembly

In the construction of buildings and structures, a variety of forms can be used. They serve similar structures for the erection of monolithic walls, foundations, etc. The most common type of formwork is the small-piece form. From large it differs primarily in size. The main advantage of this design is convenience in use.

Scope of application

елкощитовая опалуб ка может при строительстве самых разных объектов. Use mesh-paneled timbering for the construction of a variety of objects. In addition to walls and foundations, similar structures are used, for example, when erecting:

• Columns;

• Overlapping;

• Curbs, concrete pavements;

• Benches, barbecues, etc.

Benefits of using

елкощитовая опалубка может как для наземного, так и для поземного строительства. It is possible to apply small-piece formwork for both ground and ground construction. Its absolute advantages include:

• Low weight of shields;

• Simplicity of installation;

• No need to use special equipment for assembly;

• The ability to perform any combination of assemblies.

The device of small-piece formwork: basic elements

конструкции этого типа. Most often in the construction of used folding and rearrangement of this type. опалубки из: There are similar forms from:

• Angular and linear shields;

• Compound farms and fights;

• Supporting pillars (in formwork for building ceilings);

• Connecting and fastening elements.

Technical and economic indicators, the adjustable structure can have, for example, the following:

• Turnover - 100 times;

• The reduced mass is 65 kg / m ² ;

• The complexity of installation is medium - 0.6 man-hours per 1 m ² .

It is these characteristics that distinguish one of the formwork, developed in the times of the USSR by Gosstroy experts. Nowadays, more modern designs of this type can be used. For example, the small-piece steel formwork "Kvarta" has such characteristics:

• Turnover for the steel frame - 100 cycles;

• For deck - 60 cycles;

• The average weight of the shield is 26 kg / m ² .

Modern industrial formworks can be manufactured both from wood, steel and other materials. таких конструкциях используется дополнительный элемент — палуба. To obtain a clean and smooth surface of the object to be erected , an additional deck element is used in such structures . It is made either from moisture resistant plywood, or from tin. To the main elements of the formwork, the deck is usually fastened to self-tapping screws.

Kinds on the way of assembly

Most often in the construction are used, thus, collapsible panel structures. But sometimes modular formwork of this type is used to fill monolithic structures. выдерживать давление бетонной смеси в 40 кН/м ² . Such structures are capable of withstanding the pressure of a concrete mix of 40 kN / m ² . их особенностью является то, что состо ят они из элементов фиксированного размера. Their main feature is that they consist of elements of fixed size. Modular structures are usually made of laminated plywood with a thickness of more than 18 mm. The advantage of formwork of this type is, among other things, that they can be replaced with new ones when the individual elements are worn out. With the help of such systems, the surfaces of any configurations are easily formed. Most often modular formwork is used in the construction of private houses and public buildings for various purposes.

производить в обоих плоскостях. The advantage of the collapsible-shuttering formwork is, first of all, that their installation can be carried out in both planes. Moreover, such constructions are assembled and disassembled very quickly. опалубки этой разновидности можно заливать даже криволинейные формы. If necessary, with the help of formwork of this variety , even curvilinear forms can be poured. For example, it is these structures that are used in the construction of round concrete fenders.

Types of turnover

елкощитовые опалубки кл ассифицируются на инвентарные и разового применения. On this basis, all mesh-paneled formwork clas are assimilated for inventory and one-time use. In the first case, the construction can be used repeatedly to erect basically the same type of structures. Forms of one-time use are necessary for pouring unique objects from concrete.

Disadvantages of small-piece constructions

Advantages of such formwork have many. But they have some drawbacks. In the first place, the disadvantages of such constructions include labor intensity in the assembly. мелкощитовых опалубок, может быть не слишком аккуратным. Also, the appearance of finished structures erected with the use of small-piece formwork may not be too neat. After all, the places where the boards are rearranged in height in any case on the surface of the object will be noticeable.

How to install a modular design

The assembly of this form of formwork begins with a corner element. Next, the neighboring blocks are attached to the latter. In this case, use connecting elements with special springs. The "walls" of this formwork are assembled with the help of tightening bolts. The support frame is formed from two panels mounted opposite each other. The latter are connected by means of special locks. The end and upper part of the shields are fastened with spacers. Locks are also used to lock in this case.

Installation of small-piece shuttering with a retooled industrial

Installation of this type of construction is also performed in several stages:

• An auxiliary structure is mounted (using corners and shields);

• Adjacent panels are installed;

• Adjacent panels are fixed by means of spring hooks;

• The assembled box is placed in the design position and is straightened.

Concrete mixture in the formwork is usually poured with a deep vibrator.

Standard requirements for the dimensions of industrial structures

мелкощитовые опалубки мн огие производители. Small-piece formworks are produced by many manufacturers. But at their manufacture in any case standards GOST should be observed. Thus, the area of one formwork panel should not, for example, exceed 3 m ² . The minimum weight is 50 kg. It is these dimensions that allow you to mount the structure without the use of special equipment.

промышленной одной марки могут быть разными . The dimensions of the small-piece formwork of an industrial grade can be different . конструкции «Фрамакс» показатель высоты может составлять 135, 270 или 330 см. По ширине предусмотрены пять типоразмеров щитов конструкций этой марки — 30, 45, 60, 90 и 135 см. For example, the popular construction of "Framax" height can be 135, 270 or 330 cm. There are five sizes of shields of this brand - 30, 45, 60, 90 and 135 cm in width.

Homemade options

и монолитных стен и в частном строительстве. Very often small-piece formwork is used for foundation and monolithic walls and in private construction. Industrial designs of this type are used most often by small, medium and large construction organizations. Individuals when building houses usually use still much cheaper self-made formwork. Use for this design can be any improvised materials. It is quite easy to manufacture it with your own hands.

Homemade formwork, in turn, is also divided into two main varieties - conventional and interchangeable. The plus of the last type of structure is the saving of material.

разборно- переставная мелкощитовая опалубк а обычно из двух щитов и элементов, предназначенных для их крепления. It consists of self-made dismantling and retouched small- piece formwork and usually of two shields and elements intended for their fastening. In the process of work, it is moved around the perimeter of the erected object. The downside of this type of construction is, first of all, that the elements of the building flooded with it are less durable and reliable.

The usual stationary self-made collapsible formwork is installed along the perimeter of the entire constructed object. Its advantage is the reliability and a more accurate appearance of the finished structure. The disadvantage of such ancillary equipment is the complexity in the assembly / disassembly and the need to use a large number of materials.

Elements of the construction of self-made formwork

Mounted such formwork can from a variety of materials. Shields are often collected from planks. Fasten them with uneven bars. Also for the manufacture of shields, tin can be used. This material is often used, for example, to fill curvilinear objects.

As spacers for self-made formwork can be used bars or reinforcing bars corresponding to the width of the constructed object length. Fastening of shields is most often done with the help of steel wire. Sometimes used and bolted connections. On the outside, the structure is further strengthened by struts from the beams.

Dimensions of self-made formwork

The width of the shields of such structures depends on the height of the erected object. According to the standards, the difference between these two indices should not exceed 5 cm. Small-scale wall formwork is most often assembled from two or three boards with a width of 150 mm. In this case, the design is easy enough to be able to quickly move around the perimeter of the constructed object.

The maximum permissible length of self-made formwork shields used for pouring walls and foundations are 3 meters. The boards for assembling such a structure must have a thickness of at least 20 mm. Bars for their fastening, struts and struts are usually selected with a section of 40x40 mm. The minimum thickness of a sheet for the assembly of such formwork is 1-2 mm.