Quantum entanglement: theory, principle, effect

The golden autumn foliage of the trees glowed brightly. The rays of the evening sun touched the thinned tops. The light made its way through the branches and arranged a performance of bizarre figures that flashed on the wall of the university "kapterka".

Sir Hamilton's pensive look slid slowly, watching the play of chiaroscuro. In the head of the Irish mathematician there was a real melting pot of thoughts, ideas and conclusions. He was well aware that the explanation of many phenomena with the help of Newtonian mechanics is like the play of shadows on the wall, deceptively weaving figures and leaving many questions unanswered. "Perhaps it's a wave ... or maybe a stream of particles," the scientist reflected, "or light is a manifestation of both phenomena. Like figures woven from shadow and light. "

The Beginning of Quantum Physics

It is interesting to observe great people and try to understand how great ideas are born that change the course of the evolution of all mankind. Hamilton is one of those who stood at the origins of the birth of quantum physics. Fifty years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, many scientists studied the elementary particles. The obtained knowledge was contradictory and uncompiled. However, the first shaky steps were taken.

Understanding the microcosm in the early twentieth century

In 1901 the first model of the atom was presented and its inconsistency was shown, from the position of ordinary electrodynamics. In the same period, Max Planck and Niels Bohr publish many works on the nature of the atom. Despite their painstaking work, there was no complete understanding of the structure of the atom.

A few years later, in 1905, a little-known German scientist Albert Einstein published a report on the possibility of the existence of a light quantum in two states-wave and particle (particles). In his work, arguments were given, explaining the reason for the insolvency of the model. However, Einstein's vision was limited to the old understanding of the atomic model.

After numerous works by Niels Bohr and his colleagues in 1925 a new direction arose - a sort of quantum mechanics. A widespread expression - "quantum mechanics" appeared after thirty years.

What do we know about quanta and their quirks?

To date, quantum physics has gone far enough. Many different phenomena are open. But what do we really know? The answer is presented to one modern scientist. "In quantum physics one can either believe, or do not understand it," - this is the definition of Richard Feynman. Think about it for yourself. Suffice it to mention such a phenomenon as the quantum entanglement of particles. This phenomenon has plunged the scientific world into a position of complete perplexity. Another big shock was that the emerging paradox is incompatible with the laws of Newton and Einstein.

The effect of quantum entanglement of photons was first discussed in 1927 at the Fifth Solvay Congress. Between Niels Bohr and Einstein a heated argument arose. The paradox of quantum confusion completely changed the understanding of the essence of the material world.

It is known that all bodies consist of elementary particles. Accordingly, all phenomena of quantum mechanics are reflected in the ordinary world. Niels Bohr said that if we do not look at the Moon, then it does not exist. Einstein considered this unreasonable and believed that the object exists independently of the observer.

When studying the problems of quantum mechanics, it should be understood that its mechanisms and laws are interrelated and do not obey classical physics. Let's try to understand the most contradictory area - the quantum entanglement of particles.

The theory of quantum entanglement

First of all, it is worthwhile to understand that quantum physics is like a bottomless well, in which everything can be found. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement at the beginning of the last century was studied by Einstein, Bohr, Maxwell, Boyle, Bell, Planck and many other physicists. Throughout the twentieth century around the world, actively studied and experimented thousands of scientists.

The world is subject to the strict laws of physics

Why such an interest in the paradoxes of quantum mechanics? It's very simple: we live by obeying certain laws of the physical world. The ability to "bypass" predestination opens the magic door, beyond which everything becomes possible. For example, the concept of the "Schrodinger cat" leads to the management of matter. It will also be possible to teleport information, which causes quantum entanglement. The transfer of information will be instantaneous, regardless of distance.
This issue is still under study, but it has a positive trend.

Analogy and understanding

What is unique about quantum entanglement, how to understand it and what happens when it happens? Let's try to understand. To do this, you need to conduct some kind of mental experiment. Imagine that you have two boxes in your hand. In each of them lies one ball with a strip. Now we give one box to the cosmonaut, and he flies to Mars. Once you open the box and see that the strip on the ball is horizontal, then in the other box the ball will automatically have a vertical strip. This will be quantum entanglement in simple words expressed: one object predetermines the position of the other.

However, it should be understood that this is only a superficial explanation. In order to obtain quantum entanglement, it is necessary that the particles have the same origin, like twins. It is very important to understand that the experiment will be thwarted, if before you someone had the opportunity to look at at least one of the objects.

Where can quantum confusion be used?

The principle of quantum entanglement can be used to transmit information over long distances instantaneously. Such a conclusion contradicts the theory of relativity of Einstein. It says that the maximum speed of displacement is inherent only in light - three hundred thousand kilometers per second. This transfer of information allows the existence of physical teleportation.

Everything in the world is information, including matter. This conclusion was reached by quantum physicists. In 2008, based on a theoretical database, it was possible to see quantum confusion with the unaided eye.

This once again shows that we are on the verge of great discoveries - moving in space and in time. Time in the universe is discrete, so instantaneous movement over huge distances makes it possible to fall into a different density of time (based on the hypotheses of Einstein, Bohr). Perhaps in the future this will be a reality just like a mobile phone today.

Etherdynamics and quantum entanglement

According to some leading scientists, quantum confusion is explained by the fact that space is filled with some ether - black matter. Any elementary particle, as we know, resides in the form of a wave and a corpuscle (particle). Some scientists believe that all particles are on the "canvas" of dark energy. It is not easy to understand. Let's try to figure out another way - the method of association.

Imagine yourself on the beach. A light breeze and a faint whiff of wind. Do you see the waves? And somewhere in the distance, in the reflection of the sun's rays, a sailboat is visible.
The ship will be our elementary particle, and the sea will be an ether (dark energy).
The sea can be in motion in the form of visible waves and drops of water. Similarly, all elementary particles can be simply the sea (its constituent integral part) or a separate particle - a drop.

This is a simplified example, everything is somewhat more complicated. Particles without the presence of an observer are in the form of a wave and do not have a definite location.

A white sailboat is a selected object, it differs from the smooth surface and structure of the sea water. In the same way, there are "peaks" in the ocean of energy, which we can perceive as a manifestation of the forces known to us, which formed the material part of the world.

The microcosm lives by its own laws

The principle of quantum entanglement can be understood if one takes into account the fact that elementary particles are in the form of waves. Not having a definite location and characteristics, both particles are in the ocean of energy. At the moment of the appearance of the observer, the wave "turns" into an object accessible to the touch. The second particle, observing the equilibrium system, acquires opposite properties.

This article is not aimed at capacious scientific descriptions of the quantum world. The possibility of understanding an ordinary person is based on the availability of an understanding of the material presented.

The physics of elementary particles studies the entanglement of quantum states on the basis of the spin (rotation) of an elementary particle.

Scientific language (simplified) - quantum confusion is determined by different spins. In the process of observing the objects, scientists saw that there can only exist two spins - along and across. Strange as it may seem, in other positions the particles are not "posed" by the observer.

A new hypothesis is a new view of the world

The study of the microcosm - the space of elementary particles - has given rise to many hypotheses and assumptions. The effect of quantum entanglement has pushed scientists to the idea of the existence of a quantum micro-lattice. In their opinion, in each node - the point of intersection - there is a quantum. All energy is a complete grid, and the manifestation and motion of particles is possible only through the lattice sites.

The size of the "window" of such a grid is quite small, and measurement by modern equipment is impossible. However, to confirm or refute this hypothesis, scientists decided to study the motion of photons in a spatial quantum grating. The bottom line is that the photon can move either directly, or zigzagging - along the diagonal of the grating. In the second case, having overcome a great distance, he will spend more energy. Accordingly, it will differ from a photon moving in a straight line.

Perhaps, in time, we learn that we live in a spatial quantum grating. Or this assumption may be incorrect. However, it is the principle of quantum entanglement that indicates the existence of a lattice.

In simple terms, in a hypothetical spatial "cube" the definition of one face carries with it a clear opposite meaning of the other. This is the principle of preserving the space-time structure.

Epilogue

To understand the magical and mysterious world of quantum physics, it is worthwhile to look closely at the progress of science over the past five hundred years. It used to be that the Earth has a flat form, and not a spherical shape. The reason is obvious: if you take its round shape, then water and people can not hold back.

As we see, the problem existed in the absence of a complete vision of all the forces that are operating. It is possible that modern science does not have enough vision for all quantum forces to understand quantum physics. Gaps in vision create a system of contradictions and paradoxes. Perhaps the magical world of quantum mechanics keeps the answers to the questions posed.