Plan for describing the country. Geography, population. Capital

Not only the study of the natural features of different regions is engaged in the science of geography. The description of the country, its climate, population, economy and state structure - is also among the subjects of research of this discipline. How are states studied? What does the plan for describing the country look like? You will learn about this from our article.

How to describe the country?

Geographers describe countries in approximately the same way. It includes a description of nature, population, economy and government. The country description plan assumes the following points:

• Geographical location (area of territory, length of borders, coordinates of extreme points, availability of access to the sea, number of neighboring countries and general assessment of the profitability of the state's geopolitical situation);
• Natural features of the territory (climate, relief, internal waters, organic world, etc.);
• The capital and the administrative-territorial structure of the state;
• Population of the country (total number, density, accommodation, ethnic, religious and linguistic composition);
• Economy of the country (main specialization, leading industries, level of agricultural development, GDP per capita and other economic indicators);
• Features of the political system (parliament, president, government).

The country description plan can also contain information about cultural features, tourist attractions, currency, official symbols of the state.

Geographical position of the country

Any plan for describing a country should begin with where this country is located. That is, it is necessary to give information about which hemisphere and on what continent the state is located, what is its area and the total length of the border. The coordinates of the countries are determined by the extreme points: northern, southern, western and eastern. Based on this information, it is possible to determine the total length of the territory of the state from west to east, or from north to south, and also to assess its overall configuration (compact or elongated in a certain direction).

It is important not only to describe the geographical location of the country, but also to assess its economic benefits. Therefore, it is extremely important to indicate with which countries the country is bordered, whether it has access to the sea, large navigable rivers, whether it is at the intersection of important transport corridors. Each of these aspects greatly affects the economy and the overall welfare of the country.

Natural conditions and resources

The second point of the country's description plan is the features of the nature of a particular territory (geomorphological, climatic, etc.).

The climate of the country is extremely important for its economic development. So, the ideal location is the location of the state in the temperate climatic zone (between 45 and 65 degrees). In this zone - the most optimal conditions for human life and agriculture.

The relief of the country's territory also affects its well-being. It's no secret that on a flat terrain it's much easier to build cities, build roads, create large industrial complexes. By the way, the most ancient and famous cities of the world arose precisely on the plains, off the coasts of the seas or large rivers.

Population of the country

The population of the country is also an important aspect for its comprehensive study. Describing it, it is necessary to indicate the total number of inhabitants, the density of the population, characterize the demographic situation, and so on.

Important indicators are the birth rate and mortality rate, life expectancy in the country, the level of child mortality. Most of the economically developed countries are characterized by low birth rates, low death rates and significant life expectancy. In developing countries of Asia, Africa and America, on the contrary, there is a high birth rate, high mortality and low overall life expectancy.

An important aspect in describing any country is the ethnic, linguistic and religious composition of its population. All states of the world are divided into two groups: monoethnic (in which one nation predominates) and polyethnic (which represent a kind of "mix" of ethnic groups and nationalities).

Economy of the state

The main indicators of economic development include the following:

• GDP and GNP per capita;
• Income level of the population;
• Competitiveness of goods and services produced in the country;
• Cost and quality of work;
• The level of corruption;
• Level of production modernization, etc.

On these indicators, all countries of the world are divided into several groups. Economically developed countries (Japan, USA, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Germany, France and others), developing countries (Myanmar, Chad, Bolivia, Bangladesh and others), as well as countries with economies in transition (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, etc.).

According to the structure of industrial production, all states are also divided into:

• Industrial;
• Agricultural;
• Industrial-agrarian;
• Postindustrial.

Political structure of the country

The state is a special organization with a complex structure that is called upon to govern the society. On the political (state) structure, all countries of the world are divided into three groups:

• Unitary - those that are managed from one center (examples: Romania, Ukraine, France, Norway, etc.);
• Federal, consisting of several separate entities - states, lands, republics (examples: Russia, USA, Germany);
• Confederations are temporary unions of two or more states.

According to the form of government, the monarchy countries are singled out (in which all the full power belongs to one person and is inherited) and republics (in which the majority is the main source of power). Monarchies can also be absolute (the monarch's power is unlimited), parliamentary (the monarch's power is limited by parliament) and theocratic (the supreme power belongs to the Church). The only example of a modern theocratic monarchy on the planet is the Vatican.

The policy of the country is determined by the system of methods and techniques with which it realizes the fullness of its power. Proceeding from this thesis, the political regime of a state can be legal (democratic), totalitarian or authoritarian.

Countries and their capitals

The capital is the main (not necessarily the largest) city of the country in which the government and other important state authorities are located. The word itself comes from the Old Russian "(pre) table," which means "throne." With this etymology, the popular expression "the capital city of Kiev" is connected.

The choice of the capital is always a dilemma for the state. After all, two or more major centers can claim the role of the main city. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, for example, this problem was not solved. Therefore, there existed at once two capitals - Vienna and Budapest. In some states, the capital was created and built practically from scratch (an example of such a state could be the United States of America with its capital in the city of Washington).

Countries and their capitals are often perceived as one. However, do not forget that the title of "main city" in the state can change. So, in 1997, the Kazakh authorities moved the capital from Almaty to Astana.

Another interesting capital on the map of the world is Jerusalem. This city is a capital city for both countries - Israel and Palestine.

Flag - as the main symbol of the state

The flags of the countries of the world differ from each other not only in color or pattern, but also in their proportions (width and length of the panel). All flags of world states have a traditional rectangle shape (less often - a square), except for only one - Nepalese. The flag of this country is represented in the form of two equal triangles.

The oldest flag of the planet can be considered Danish. The first written mention of him dates back to 1219 year. But the simplest in design is the Libyan flag - its cloth is completely green.

Flags of the countries of the world are different in their color design. Moreover, each of the colors has its own symbolic meaning for a particular state. White, as a rule, symbolizes peace and prosperity, and green - significant natural wealth.

Quite interesting in heraldry is black. It would seem that he should be mourning. However, it is not. Black color is often present on the cloths of African states. And there he, as a rule, symbolizes the black population of this or that country.

Currency designation of different countries

Every modern state, of course, has its own money. How is the currency of different countries carried out?

This or that state currency is designated by means of a special sign (symbol). It can be an alphabetic index (abbreviation), a numeric code or a special grapheme. These signs are called in abbreviated form, concisely and in an original way, denote those or other currencies.

Monetary units began to be represented as special symbols even in the days of antiquity. Below are the graphemes of the world's most famous banknotes:

• $ - American dollar (USA);
• € - euro (the states of the Eurozone);
• ¥ - yen (Japan);
• ₽ - ruble (Russian Federation);
• - Rupee (India);
• £ - pound sterling (Great Britain);
• ₸ - tenge (Kazakhstan);
• ₴ - hryvnia (Ukraine).

Finally...

One of the tasks of geography is an objective, comprehensive and reliable study of world states. The country description plan should contain the following items: geographical position, natural conditions and resources, population, capital, administrative and political arrangements, economy, currency and state symbols (flag, emblem and hymn).