Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech - a violation in pronunciation of sounds and perception of phonemes by ear

Parents are happy when their kids begin to pronounce the first sounds, then syllables and simple words. If the adored two-three-year-old says "fyfka" instead of "lump" or "lacquer" instead of "cancer", it is perceived as the norm. But if the child has already reached four or five, and he still can not pronounce many sounds, distorts words or talks so that it is difficult to understand, it is possible to diagnose him with confidence in his FFNR. This abbreviation stands for phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech. This violation is not as harmless as it may seem to some moms and dads. If a child is unable to distinguish sounds similar in sound to the sound, it almost always causes him difficulties in spelling and reading, as well as memorizing sentences, poems. It is difficult for such a child to adapt in the school community, and in the future to realize oneself in life. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the FFDR, and even at the preschool age.

This article provides information on why children have abnormalities in pronunciation and what methods exist to correct this defect.

Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech in speech therapy: what is it?

There is a clear definition of what constitutes an FFAR. In speech therapy, this means a violation in a person of the processes of formation of the pronunciation system of the language, caused by defects in hearing and phoneme pronunciation. Let us explain what a phoneme is. This term means a minimal meaningful unit of language and in some way corresponds to the concept of "sound". Parents are always surprised if their hearing a child is diagnosed with a "phonemic hearing disorder". The fact is that there are two notions of hearing - biological (the ability to perceive sounds from the surrounding world by hearing organs) and phonemic (the ability to clearly distinguish and analyze phonemes). If it is broken, children hear the adult's speech well, but can not distinguish similar sounds, for example, "k" from "g" or "b" from "n". As a result, they repeat and remember not what they are told, but how they heard what was said. At the same time, the child's intellect can be at the level corresponding to the age.

Classification

Speech disorders can be mild, moderate and severe.

Light is observed when the child can not differentiate and pronounce only some, especially complex phonemes or their combinations.

The middle form is diagnosed if the disturbances in the sound analysis are more serious. In this case, the child does not distinguish and does not correctly pronounce a significant number of phonemes. When reading and writing these children make specific mistakes, they do not correctly reproduce syllables in words.

A severe degree is characterized by profound phonetic disorders. Children with such a problem do not distinguish between phonemes by ear, do not know how to distinguish them in words, establish their consistency, and form syllables in words. Almost always, with a severe degree of FFNR, children's speech is disconnected and difficult to understand to others.

Causes

Phonetic-phonemic hypoplasia of speech is a defect that is congenital or acquired. Congenital can arise for the following reasons:

- some hereditary diseases;

- in pregnancy severe toxicosis;

- different rhesus factor of blood in the infant and mother;

- complex births, which cause injuries to the newborn;

- fetal asphyxia;

- Infectious diseases and emotional stress in a woman during pregnancy.

Acquired phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech is a defect that is formed under the influence of social, domestic and other environmental conditions, where a child is brought up. The causes of speech underdevelopment in a child can be as follows:

- trauma of the organs of the speech apparatus;

- adverse social and, as a consequence, the living conditions in which the child lives;

- bilingualism in the family;

- Inadequate speech conditions (the child is left on his own for days on end, with him practically not engaged);

- defects in the construction of the dentition;

- psycho-traumatic situations;

- Diseases of the auditory and visual apparatus (it is proved that the majority of children with visual and / or hearing problems have FFNR).

Symptoms

Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech is not only a defect in a child's spoken language. Such a pathology can signal serious violations in the health of a small person, such as:

- Splitting of the lip and / or palate;

- too high a palate (called gothic);

- bite defects;

- delay of maturation of the central nervous system (not to be confused with cerebral palsy);

- diseases of organs and systems.

Children with FFNR can have such features of behavior and communication:

- vague articulation (the speech apparatus can not correctly reproduce the phoneme);

- instability of attention;

- difficulties in switching from one occupation to another;

- narrowing the amount of memory;

- difficulties in understanding and explaining abstract concepts;

- complexity in the separate pronunciation of phonemes from the proposed word;

- mistakes in the use of prepositions and the formulation of words in the required case.

In this case, the lexical stock for their age is sufficient.

What are the types of FFNR

Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech in preschool children and younger schoolchildren is manifested by such violations of sound reproduction:

- constant replacement of difficult for them sound more simple (not "picture", but "kaltina", not "beetle", but "zuk");

- a permutation in the words of sounds (not "yet", but "cop");

- Simplification of words by excluding separate syllables from them (not "watchmaker" but "chashchik", not "raise", but "pomat");

- "swallowing" of individual sounds in words (not a "rocket", but an "akta", not a "compote", but a "hood");

- Unsustainable use of phonemes (in some cases the child can pronounce them correctly, in others - with errors);

- mixing sounds;

- Replace several sounds at once with one (for example, the sound "sh", and also "c" and "h" are pronounced as "t").

- Replacement of syllables with difficult-to-pronounce phonemes (not a "hat", but a "snap", not a "cup", but a "sissy").

The speech of the children with the FFNR is, as it were, blurred, their diction is unclear. In the future, they observe dysgraphy, that is, they write not as they correctly, but as they hear.

Diagnostics

Violation of sound reproduction in children without treatment can be a serious problem, and you need to take it seriously. In the presence of such a defect, the child must undergo a comprehensive examination with a visit to the doctors of the speech therapist, ENT, ophthalmologist, neurologist and pediatrician. A special speech card is inserted into the small patient, where the doctor notes information about the course of pregnancy in his mother, the peculiarities of childbirth and the development of the first months of life.

The ENT gives an opinion about the condition of the hearing aid, the oculist notes whether there are problems with vision, and the pediatrician - the presence or absence of concomitant diseases.

In addition, the condition and mobility of the patient's articulatory apparatus are examined and the state of the vocal and respiratory functions is evaluated.

Speech therapist conducts tests that determine what kind of disturbances in sound reproduction the child has (change of sounds, their mixing, distortion, and so on).

Treatment

When the diagnosis of "FFNR" is made, the children of the kindergarten age are enrolled in a special speech therapy group, where a speech therapist engages with them. Correction of phonetic-phonemic speech underdevelopment is carried out in three stages:

1. Preparatory. The teacher conducts a series of activities that fix the children's pronunciation of the sounds they have already mastered (vowels and consonants, hard and soft), offers tasks in a play form, develops phonemic perception of these sounds in children, their analysis.

2. Differentiation. At this stage, the child is offered to compare by ear a well-mastered phoneme with close in sound. Particular attention should be given to vowel sounds, from correct pronunciation of which the clarity of speech as a whole depends.

3. The final. This stage is the most difficult. The child learns the concepts of "syllable", "sound", "word", studies what sounds are, determines their number in a word, performs analysis and synthesis of syllables, learns to change words, replacing in them vowels or consonants (for example, "poppy" "Lacquer", "wave" - "shaft").

Motor hand for children with FFNR

Absolutely reliably established that the degree of formation of precise and fine finger movements directly affects the FFNR in speech therapy. What does it mean? Human speech is the result of the concerted work of many departments of the brain, which gives orders to articular organs. Scientists have found that in children whose fine motor skills of their fingers corresponds to age, the development of speech also meets the standards. Therefore, children with FFNR must conduct classes that develop motor skills:

- games with fingers;

- gymnastics for the hands and fingers;

- Special exercises (folding mosaic figures, stringing beads, molding from plasticine, painting pictures).

Articulatory gymnastics

The purpose of such exercises is to strengthen the muscles of the articulatory organs of the child (tongue, lips, soft palate), develop their mobility and teach them differentiated movements. It is very convenient to perform exercises in front of a mirror or using special items (medical spatula, ordinary spoon, nipples and others). For example, the sound "sh" can be taught to pronounce with the help of such exercises:

1. "Fence" (stretch the lips in a smile so that the teeth are visible upper and lower, then clamp them).

2. "Window" (open your mouth to show both upper teeth and lower teeth).

3. "Spatula" (open your mouth, spread your tongue on your lower lip and say "five-five-five." Hold the broad tongue until you count 10).

4. "Cup" (it is necessary to open the mouth wider, raise the tongue so that it does not touch the teeth, and try to raise its edges and tip).

5. "Delicious jam" (opening his mouth wide, licking his lips, moving his tongue not to the left and to the right, but up and down).

Prognosis and prevention

To avoid deviations in the development of the child's speech, it is necessary to regularly conduct classes with him. In the first months of life they consist in massage of fingers, in constant conversation with the child. Further, different games are added, corresponding to age, reading books and so on. An important point is a regular visit to the pediatrician and narrow specialists in order to identify possible abnormalities in the early stages. If the correction of the child's speech is started on time, as a rule, deficiencies are completely eliminated.