Peoples of the Perm region: traditions, culture and ethnography

Throughout history, the Perm region has been multi-ethnic. Today it is inhabited by representatives of 125 different ethnic groups. What peoples inhabit the Perm region? Who are the indigenous inhabitants of the region?

Perm Region

Through the region there is a border between Europe and Asia. A significant territory of the province is located in the east of the European part of Russia. In the north it borders with the Republic of Komi, Bashkortostan - in the south, Sverdlovsk Region - in the east, and in the northwest there is the Kirov region.

Modern education - the Perm region - was formed in 2005, after the unification of the Perm region and the Komi-Permyak autonomous region. The main administrative center is the city of Perm. Territory of the region people inhabited in the era of the Paleolithic. Active development of the Russians began around the XVI century and intensified in the XVII century, after the discovery of copper and gold.

The peoples of the Perm region and their traditions are very diverse. On the territory of 160 square kilometers there are approximately 125 nationalities. The total population is 2.6 million people. The urban population significantly prevails over rural, it is 75%.

What peoples inhabit the Perm region?

The region is inhabited by many ethnic groups and peoples. Of these, the earliest, authentic for this area are only seven. Languages of the peoples of the Perm region are numerous. Within the indigenous ethnic groups, they are divided into Finno-Ugric, Slavic (Russian), Turkic.

The general population is represented by Russians (2.1 million). The following are the Tatars (115 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (80 thousand), Bashkirs (30 thousand), Udmurts (20 thousand) and Ukrainians (16 thousand). More than four thousand people are Belarusians, Germans, Chuvashes, and also Mari. The remaining peoples of the Perm Krai are represented in the minority. Among them are Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Turks, Ingush, Komi-Yazvintsy, Mordvins, Gypsies, Moldovans, Mansi, Koreans, Chinese, Georgians, Chechens and others.

The indigenous peoples of Perm Krai are represented by three main groups: Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic. In the period from the 15th to the 16th centuries, the ancestors of the modern Komi-Permyaks settled in the upper reaches of the Kama River. The southern parts of the region were inhabited by Bashkirs and Tatars. On the territory there were also Udmurts, Mansi and Mari. The Russian population came here around the XVI century, very soon becoming predominant.

Mari

The name of the peoples of Perm Krai can differ in different languages. For example, Mari usually call themselves Mari or Mara. This people belongs to the Finno-Ugric ethnos. They are located in the area between the Volga and Vetluga. Most of them live in the Russian Republic of Mari El, as well as in the Volga and the Urals.

According to the anthropological sign, they belong to the suburalsque type, with more pronounced features of the Mongoloid race. Ethnos formed in the I millennium BC. E. By their culture and way of life they are most similar to the Chuvashes. The people make up four ethnic groups, mostly Kungur Mari live in the territory of the region.

A part of the people adopted Orthodoxy, although the traditional religion remains the main belief. In this case, it represents folk mythology, combined with monotheism. Paganism of the Mari is based on the veneration of the forces of nature, praying which occurs in the sacred groves (in the ritual construction of the kud).

Folk clothes are represented by a tunic, decorated with embroidery, trousers and a caftan, and girdled with a belt or a towel on top. Women wore jewelry from coins, shells, beads. The headdress is a towel with a swish - a scarp, magpie or a tapered cap. Men wore hats with fields.

Udmurts

Autochthonous population of the Kama region and the Urals are Udmurts. They refer to Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as some other peoples of the Perm region. The closest to them are Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans, although Russian and Tatar traditions strongly influenced everyday life and culture. The majority of the population profess Orthodoxy, but in the villages elements of folk beliefs have been preserved.

Udmurts traditionally engaged in farming (grain and potatoes) and livestock, hunting and gathering, beekeeping and fishing. They lived in neighboring communities, where several families lived in one territory. Engaged in embroidery, knitting, woodworking, weaving and spinning.

The ritual building (kuala) for praying was, like the Mari, in the forest. In the house there was a stove with a hanging boiler, sleeping bunks and a red corner (table and chair) for the head of the family. The female costume consisted of a shirt, a robe, a velvet-covered breastplate and a belt. Decorated themselves with coins, rings, beads. Men wore blue and white striped pants, kosovorotki, felted hats.

Komi-Permyaki

Representatives of the people call themselves Komi Morti or Komi otir. They are settled mainly in the territory of the former Komi-Permyatsky district. Relate to the Finno-Ugric group. By language and traditions, the Komi-Zyryans have the greatest similarities. Literature in the language of the people is practically nonexistent.

The main occupation of the Komi-Permyaks was agriculture, livestock, hunting, fishing, weaving, pottery, spinning. Currently, it is the processing of wood and agriculture. Like many peoples in the Perm Krai, Komi-Permyaks were pagans, but most of them converted to Christianity. Now popular beliefs are trying to revive.

Traditional clothes were initially blue and black, later shades appeared, and on the shirt a "cage" pattern was added. The female outfit consisted of a tunic-like shirt, on top of which was a sundress. Sometimes an apron was worn on the sarafan. Headdresses - kokoshniki, decorated with embroidery and ornament. Men wore tunic-like embroidered shirts, belted with sashes, and trousers. Cats, stinkers and bast shoes wore on their feet.

Muncie

Ethnos Mansi belongs to the Ugric peoples. There are few representatives of this people in Russia. The basic population lives in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area. Nevertheless, the Mansi represent the autochthonous peoples of the Perm region. In the region there are only a few people (up to 40), they live in the Visher Nature Reserve.

Mansi language, belonging to the Ob-Ugrian group, is native to the ethnos. On the cultural level, the Hungarians and the Khanty are the closest to the Mansi. In beliefs, along with Orthodoxy, national mythology and shamanism were preserved. Mansi believe in patron spirits.

Among the traditional occupations are reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, farming and cattle breeding. Housing built seasonal. In winter they lived in log houses or huts like Russian, in summer in cone-shaped plumes of birch bark. The open hearth from the poles served as heating and a source of light. A characteristic feature of Mansi was that they did not use mushrooms, considering them a home for evil spirits.

A woman's suit was a robe made of cloth or satin and a dress. He wore a kerchief and many ornaments. Men had shirts and trousers; Clothing, as a rule, was with a hood of cloth.

Tatars

Tatars belong to the Turkic peoples. And widely dispersed across the territory of Russia (the second largest population). They live in the Prikamye, the Urals, the Volga region, the Far East, Siberia. In the Perm Territory Tatars are present in almost all settlements.

The Tatar language belongs to the Altaic family. Most people are Muslims of the Sunni type, although there are Orthodox and atheists. In the Prikamye Tatars closely interacted with the Bashkirs, which led to the mutual influence of cultures on each other.

The national costume differs among different ethnic groups of the Tatars. The main features of the women's costume are a long shirt-dress, wide trousers. Above it was put on an embroidered breastplate, and as an outer garment they wore a robe. A turban, a handkerchief or a cap of calfak was worn on the head. Men wore a felt cap over the skullcap. Ornaments for women were made of metal.

Bashkirs

Another Turkic group is Bashkirs. The basic population lives in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The national language is Bashkir. Like the Tatar, he belongs to the Altaic family. Representatives of the people are Sunni Muslims.

The Bashkirs are the closest to the Turkic peoples, although Iranians and Finno-Ugrians also participated in their ethnogenesis. The people led a semi-nomadic way of life, engaged in cattle breeding. Together with this he was engaged in fishing, hunting, beekeeping, agriculture, gathering. Among the crafts was weaving, the production of shawls and carpets. The Bashkirs knew about jewelry and forging.

The national clothes were made of sheepskin. Women and men wore pants with a wide pace. The dress was put on top (different for women and men). Also they wore a dressing gown, half-dress, camisole. On clothes there was a lot of embroidery, applications. Headgears ranged from caps, towels to hats-ushank. All abundantly expanded patterns. Men wore skullcaps and felt hats.

Conclusion

The peoples of the Perm region and their traditions are very different from each other. The region has always been characterized by polyethnicity, there was no unified nationality throughout its territory. Previously, individual tribes constantly wandered from one place to another, in search of the most favorable conditions for life.

In the XV century, several tribes settled in the territory of the Kama region, whose ancestors formed the peoples of the Perm region. The culture and ethnography of these peoples did not develop in isolation, but influenced each other. For example, the Udmurts inherited the cultural features of the Tatars, the Tatars, in turn, were influenced by the Bashkirs.

The greatest influence on the culture of the peoples was Russian, which already in the XVII century significantly prevailed in the number. Now traditional clothing and lifestyle are poorly maintained. In some representatives, they are reflected in religion, although many were Christianized. Folk languages are often used as the second, as the first - Russian.