Oculomotor muscles: types, functions. Muscles involved in eye turns

Oculomotor muscles help to perform coordinated movement of eyeballs, and in parallel they provide a qualitative perception. To have a three-dimensional image of the surrounding world, it is necessary to constantly train muscle tissue. What exercises to perform, the expert will tell after a thorough examination. In any situation, it is necessary to completely eliminate self-therapy.

general information

Muscles of the eye are of six kinds, with four of them straight, and two oblique. They are named because of the peculiarities of the stroke in the cavity (orbit), where they are located, and also because of the attachment to the organ of vision. Their performance is controlled by nerve endings, which are located in the cranium, such as:

1. Oculomotor.
2. Offtake.
3. Block.

The eye muscles have a large number of nerves, which are capable of providing clarity, accuracy in the movement of the organs of vision.

Motion

Eyeballs due to these fibers can perform numerous movements, both unidirectional and multidirectional. Unidirectional includes upward, downward, leftward and other turns, and to multidirectional ones, convergence of the organs of vision into one point. Such movements help to work harmoniously in the tissues and present the same image to the person, due to his getting on the same site of the retina.

Muscles can provide movement of both eyes, while performing the main function:

1. Movement in the same direction. It is called verified.
2. Movement in different directions. It is called a vergent (convergence, divergence).

What are the structural features?

As already mentioned, oculomotor muscles are:

1. Straight lines. They have a direct directionality.
2. The oblique muscles have a course of uneven type and are attached to the organ of vision by the upper and lower tissue.

All these eye muscles begin from a tight connecting ring that surrounds the external aperture of the optic canal. In this situation, the exception is the lower oblique. All five muscle fibers thus form a funnel, which inside has nerves, including the main visual, as well as vessels.

If you go deeper, you will see how the oblique muscle deviates up and in, while creating a block. Also in this area there is a transition of fibers to the tendon, which is transferred through a special loop, and a change in its direction to the oblique is observed. Then it is attached to the upper outer quadrant of the organ of vision under the upper tissue of the direct type.

Features of the lower oblique and internal muscles

As for the lower oblique muscle, it originates at the inner edge, which is located at the bottom of the orbit and extends to the outer posterior border of the inferior muscle of the direct type. Oculomotor muscles, the closer to the apple, the more surrounded by a capsule of dense fiber, that is, the shadow shell, and then they attach to the sclera, but not at the same distance from the limb.

The performance of most fibers is regulated by the oculomotor nerve. In this situation, the exception is the external rectus muscle, the abduction nerve acts as its support , and the upper oblique, which is provided by nerve impulses from the nerve block. The inner muscles of the eye are closest to the limb, and the upper and oblique muscles are attached to the organ of vision at the middle.

The main feature of innervation is the branch of the motor nerve that controls the performance of a small number of muscles, so the maximum accuracy is achieved when the human eye moves.

Features of the structure of the upper and lower straight, as well as oblique muscles

From how the oculomotor muscles are attached, the movement of the apple will depend. Internal and external straight fibers are located horizontally relative to the plane of the organ of vision, so a person can move it horizontally. Also these two muscles are engaged in providing movement along the vertical.

Now consider the structure of the oculomotor muscles of an oblique type. They are capable of reducing more complex actions. This can be associated with some peculiarity of location and attachment to the sclera. The oblique muscular tissue, which is located on top, helps the body of vision to fall and turn outward, and the lower one - to rise and also to be led out.

It is necessary to take into account one more nuance that affects the upper and lower line, as well as the oblique muscles - they have an excellent regulation of nerve impulses, there is a well-coordinated work of the muscular tissue of the eyeball, while man is able to perform complex movements in different directions. Therefore, people can see three-dimensional images, and the quality of the image also increases, which then enters the brain.

Auxiliary muscles

In addition to the above-mentioned fibers, other tissues that surround the ocular cleft take part in the work and mobility of the eyeball. In this case, the most important is the circular muscle. It has a unique structure, which is represented by several parts - ophthalmic, teardrop and age-old.

So, the abbreviation:

• The orbital part is due to the straightening of the transverse folds, which are located in the frontal area, as well as by lowering the eyebrows and reducing the gap in the eyes;
• The secular part occurs by closing the gap in the eyes;
• Of the lacrimal part is carried out by increasing the lacrimal sac.

All these three areas, of which the circular muscle consists, are located around the eyeball. The beginning of them is located directly near the medial angle on the bone base. Innervation occurs due to a small twig of the facial nerve. It should be understood that any contractions or strains of oculomotor muscles of any type occur with the help of nerves.

Other accessory muscle tissue

Also, auxiliary filaments are classified as unitary, multiunitary fabrics, which are of a smooth type. Multinitory - this is the ciliary muscle and the tissue of the iris. Unitary fiber is located near the lens, and the structure is able to provide accommodation. If you relax this muscle, you can transfer the image to the retina, and if it shrinks, it leads to a significant protrusion of the lens, and objects that are located closer, you can consider much better.

Functional features

The function and anatomy of the oculomotor muscles are interrelated. Since the structure has already been given due attention, we will now analyze in more detail the function of this type of muscle tissue, without which a person can not correctly perceive the surrounding world.

The main functional feature is the ability to provide a full-fledged eye movement in different directions :

• Bringing in one point, that is, there is movement, for example, to the nose. This feature is provided by the inner straight line and additionally by the upper lower straight muscle tissue.
• An abduction, that is, a movement occurs in the temporal region. This feature is provided by the external straight line, in addition to the upper and lower oblique muscular tissues.
• The upward movement occurs due to the correct functioning of the upper and lower muscles of the oblique type.
• Movement down occurs due to the proper functioning of the lower line and the upper oblique muscle tissue.

All movements are complex and intertwined.

Exercise exercises

In any situation, the movement of the eye may occur, therefore, at the first manifestations of the deviation, it is necessary immediately to consult a specialist who after careful examination will be able to prescribe an effective treatment. In most cases, diseases and pathologies of muscle tissue are eliminated surgically. To exclude any complications and interferences, constant training of the oculomotor muscles should be carried out.

Examples

• Exercise 1 - for the external muscles . To relax not only the muscular tissues, but also the eyes, you need to quickly blink for half a minute. Then relax and repeat the exercise again. Helps after a day's work and a long sitting at the computer.
• Exercise 2 - for the internal muscles. Before your eyes at a distance of 0.3 m, you need to position your finger and look at it for a few seconds. Then take turns to close your eyes, but keep looking at it. Then carefully look at the tip of the finger for 3-5 seconds.
• Exercise 3 - to strengthen the main tissues . The body and head must be immovable. You need to move your eyes to the right, then to the left. Leaving aside should be maximum. You need to do the exercise at least 9-11 times.