Neuroleptic is ... The action of neuroleptics. List of antipsychotics

Neuroleptic is a special drug used for various mental disorders. As a rule, such drugs are used to treat neurotic syndromes, psychoses, and the drug can also be used in hallucinations. In addition, antipsychotic drugs are prescribed to prevent the main manifestations of a person's mental illness.

The main effects of the drugs in question

The effects of neuroleptics are multifaceted. The main pharmacological feature is a kind of soothing effect, which is characterized by a decrease in the response to external stimuli, a weakening of affective tension and psychomotor agitation, suppression of a sense of fear, a decrease in aggression. Antipsychotic drugs can suppress hallucinations, delusions and other psychopathological symptoms, have a therapeutic effect in patients suffering from schizophrenia and other psychosomatic ailments.

Certain drugs of this group have antiemetic activity, such an effect of neuroleptics is achieved due to selective inhibition of chemoreceptor triggering (starting) areas of the medulla oblongata. Some antipsychotics may have a sedative or activating (energizing) effect. A number of these means is characterized by elements of normotimic and antidepressant action.

Pharmacological properties of various neuroleptic drugs are expressed in varying degrees. The combination of the main antipsychotic effect and other properties determines the profile of their effects and indications for use.

How do neuroleptics work?

Neuroleptics are drugs that depress the brain's reticular formation in a depressing way. The effect of these medications is also associated with the effect on the occurrence and conduction of excitation in various links of the central and peripheral nervous system. Today, the most studied is the effect of neuroleptics, such as the effect on mediator processes in the brain. Scientists have accumulated enough data on the effect of these drugs on adrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic and other neurotransmitter processes, including the effect on neuropeptide systems of the brain. Particular attention have been paid recently to the process of interaction of dopamine structures of the brain and neuroleptics. When the mediator activity of dopamine is suppressed, the main side effect of these drugs manifests itself, the so-called neuroleptic syndrome develops, which is characterized by extrapyramidal disorders, such as involuntary muscle contraction, akathisia, parkinsonism (tremor, muscle stiffness), motor anxiety, fever . This effect is achieved due to the blocking effect of neuroleptics on the subcortical formations of the brain, where a large number of receptors that are sensitive to dopamine are located.

The side effects of neuroleptics are an excuse for correction of treatment and the appointment of special correctors (drugs "Akineton", "Cyclodol").

Pharmacodynamics

Neuroleptic is a drug that, acting on the central dopamine receptors, provokes some endocrine disorders, including stimulation of lactation under their influence. When neuroleptic dopamine receptors are blocked by the pituitary gland, secretion of prolactin is increased. Influencing the hypothalamus, these drugs interfere with the secretion of somatotropic hormone and corticotropin.

Neuroleptics - drugs that have a relatively short half-life in the body and after a single administration they have a short-lived effect. Scientists have created special drugs that have a longer action (Moditen Depot, Geloperidol Decanoate, Piportil L4, Clopixol Depot). Often antipsychotics combine with each other: in the morning take a stimulant drug, in the second - a sedative. With the aim of arresting the affective-delusional syndrome, it is recommended to take antidepressants and antipsychotics in a complex.

Indications for use

The administration of neuroleptics is prescribed, first of all, for the treatment of nosogenic paranoid reactions (sensory responses) and for chronic somatoform pain disorder.

The rules for prescribing these drugs

Treatment with neuroleptics begins with the appointment of an average therapeutic dose, then the effect is evaluated and a decision is made about the need to change the dose. The dosage of neuroleptics is rapidly increased to a certain value, which is then gradually reduced by 3-5 times, and the therapy acquires an anti-relapse, supportive character. Change the prescribed amount of the drug strictly in an individual order. The maintenance doses are switched after the desired therapeutic effect has been achieved. Conduct anti-relapse therapy is more appropriate drugs that have a prolonged effect. The way of introducing psychotropic drugs is of great importance. At the initial stage of treatment, parenteral administration is recommended, in which symptomatic relief occurs more quickly (intravenous spray, intravenous drip, intramuscular). Further, it is preferable to take the antipsychotics orally. The list of the most effective drugs will be given below.

The drug "Propazin"

This tool has sedative effects, reduces feelings of anxiety and motor activity. Medication is used for borderline disorders in patients with somatic pathology, if there are anxious, phobic disorders, obsessive. Take the medicine inside 2-3 times a day for 25 mg, if necessary - the dose can be increased to 100-150 mg per day. With the use of small doses of development of Parkinsonism, as a rule, is not observed.

The drug "Etaperazin"

The medication has an antipsychotic activating effect and affects syndromes that are characterized by lethargy, inhibition, apathy. In addition, the drug "Etaperazin" is used to treat neuroses accompanied by tension, fear, anxiety. The daily dose of the drug is 20 mg.

"Triftazine"

The drug has a noticeable anti-debilitating effect, it stops hallucinatory disorders. Medication has a moderate stimulating (energizing) effect. It can be used in the treatment of atypical depressive states with the phenomenon of obsession. For the treatment of somatoform disorders, the drug Triftazin is combined with antidepressants and tranquilizers. The dosage of the drug is 20-25 mg per day.

The drug "Teralen"

The drug has antihistamine and neuroleptic activity. The drug "Teralin" is a mild sedative and has a positive effect with synestopically hypochondriacal signs of the border register, with psychosomatic symptoms that develop against the background of infectious, somatogenic, vascular manifestations, in neurovegetative pathologies. It is widely used in gerontological practice and pediatrics. Recommended for use in allergic diseases and skin itching. Take the drug inside for 10-40 mg per day, intramuscularly used as a 0.5% solution.

Tiridazine

The drug has an antipsychotic effect with a calming effect, without causing retardation and lethargy. Also, the drug has a moderate timoleptic effect. The most effective medicine shows in emotional disorders, which are characterized by tension, fear, excitement. In the treatment of borderline conditions, 40-100 mg of drug per day are used. With such phenomena as neurasthenia, increased irritability, anxiety, neurogenic functional gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders take the drug 2-3 times a day for 5-10-25 mg. With premenstrual nervous disorder - 1-2 times a day for 25 mg.

The drug "Chlorprothixen"

The drug has antipsychotic and sedative effect, enhances the effect of hypnotic drugs. The medication is used for psychoneurotic conditions characterized by fears and anxieties. The use of the drug is indicated in neuroses, including against a background of various somatic ailments, with sleep disorders, skin itching, subdepressive states. The dose of the drug is 5-10-15 mg, take the medicine after meals, 3-4 times a day.

The drug "Fluanxol"

This drug has antidepressant, activating, anxiolytic effect. When treating depressive, apathic conditions, take 0.5-3 mg of medication per day. For the treatment of psychosomatic disorders with subdepression, asthenia, hypochondriacal manifestations, the daily dose is 3 mg. The drug "Fluanxol" does not cause daytime drowsiness and does not affect attention.

Means "Eglonil"

The drug regulates the central nervous system, has a moderate neuroleptic activity, which is combined with some stimulating and antidepressant effects. It is used for conditions for which lethargy, inhibition, anergy is characteristic. Used in patients with somatoform, somatized disorders on the background of subdepressive mood and with skin ailments accompanied by itching. This medication is especially indicated for use in patients who have a latent form of depression, areethostatic disorders. It is also recommended to use Egonil medication for depression with a pronounced cephalic syndrome, in the presence of such sensations as dizziness and migraine. It also has a cytoprotective effect on the gastric mucosa, so it is used to treat conditions such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer and stomach ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease. The recommended dose of the drug is 50-100 mg per day, the daily dose, if necessary, can be increased to 150-200 mg. The medication can be taken in conjunction with sedative antidepressants.

Side effect of antipsychotics

Like any other medicine, negative sides have neuroleptics, the feedback of those who used such drugs, indicate the possible development of unwanted effects. Long-term or incorrect use of these drugs can trigger the following phenomena:

• All movements are accelerated, the person for no reason is moving in different directions, usually at a high speed. Get rid of obsessive thoughts, calm down, find a comfortable position can only after taking psychotropic drugs.

• There is a constant movement of eyeballs, facial muscles and various parts of the body, grimacing.

• Because of the defeat of the muscles of the face, its features change. A "skewed" face may never return to normal, remain with a person until the end of life.

• As a result of intensive therapy with neuroleptics and the depression of the nervous system, severe depression develops, which significantly affects the effectiveness of treatment.

• Neuroleptic is a drug that has a direct effect on the gastrointestinal tract, so when treating this medication, you may feel discomfort in the stomach, dry mouth.

• Such substances, which are part of neuroleptics, like thioxanthene and phenothiazine, have a negative impact on human vision.

Atypical antipsychotics

Such drugs affect the serotonin receptors more than dopamine receptors. Therefore, the anti-anxiety and soothing effect is more pronounced in them than the antipsychotic. Unlike typical neuroleptics, they are less affected by brain function.

Consider the main atypical antipsychotics.

Medication "Sulpirid"

This drug is used to treat conditions such as somatized mental disorders, hypochondriacal, senestopatic syndromes. The drug has the activating effect of the action.

The preparation "Solian"

The action of this drug is similar to the previous drug. Apply it in conditions with hypobulosis, apathic manifestations, with a view to stopping hallucinatory-delusional disorders.

"Klozapin" remedy

The drug has a pronounced sedative effect, but does not cause depression. Use the drug in the treatment of catatonic and hallucinatory-delusional syndromes.

Means "Olanzaline"

The drug is used for psychotic disorders and catatonic syndrome. With prolonged use of this medication, obesity can develop.

The drug "Risperidone"

This atypical agent is used most widely. The drug has an elective effect in relation to hallucinatory-delirious symptoms, catatonic symptoms, obsessive states.

"Rispolept-konsta" remedy

It is a prolonged-release medication that provides stabilization of patients' well-being. Also, the agent shows high efficacy against acute hallucinatory-paranoid syndromes of endogenous genesis.

Medication Quetiapine

This drug, like other atypical antipsychotics, affects both dopamine and serotonin receptors. It is used for paranoid, hallucinatory syndromes, manic agitation. The drug has an antidepressant and moderately expressed stimulating effect.

The drug Ziprasidone

The agent has an effect on dopamine D-2 receptors, 5-HT-2 receptors, and also blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. This determines its effectiveness in the treatment of acute hallucinatory-delusional, as well as affective disorders. Use of the drug is contraindicated in arrhythmias and the presence of pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

Means of "aripiprazole"

The medicine is used for all types of psychotic disorders. The drug contributes to the recovery of cognitive functions in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Means of Sertindol

Applied medication for flaccid apathic states, the drug improves cognitive function, has antidepressant activity. With caution apply the drug "Sertindol" in cardiovascular pathologies - can trigger an arrhythmia.

The drug "Invega"

The medicine prevents the exacerbation of catatonic, hallucinatory-delirious, psychotic symptoms in patients suffering from schizophrenia.

Side effect of atypical antipsychotics

The action of such drugs as Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, Ariprazole is accompanied by the phenomenon of neurolepsy and significant changes in the endocrine system, which can lead to increased body weight, bulimia development, and a rise in the level of certain hormones (prolactin). When treating the drug "Clozapine" may occur epileptic seizures and agranulocytosis. Reception of the drug "Quetiapine" often causes drowsiness, headaches, increased levels of hepatic transaminases, weight gain.

It should be noted that today scientists have accumulated enough evidence that the superiority of atypical antipsychotics over typical is not so significant. And their reception is appointed when, when using typical neuroleptics, there is no significant improvement in the patient's condition.

Syndrome of withdrawal of antipsychotics

Like any other medication with psychoactive properties, neuroleptic drugs cause a strong psychological and physical dependence. A drastic withdrawal of the drug may trigger the development of severe aggression, depression. Man becomes too impatient, whiny. Also, there may be signs of the disease, for the treatment of which neuroleptics were used.

From the physiological point of view, manifestations with the withdrawal of neuroleptics are similar to the symptoms when drugs are abolished: a person suffers from pain in the bones, he suffers from headaches, insomnia. Nausea, diarrhea and other intestinal disorders may develop.

Psychological dependence does not allow a person to abandon the use of these funds, because he is tormented by the fear of returning to a gloomy, depressed life.

How can I stop taking neuroleptics without disturbing my normal state of health? First of all, you should know that the use of antipsychotics without prescription is contraindicated. Only an experienced specialist is able to adequately assess the patient's condition and prescribe the necessary treatment. Also, the doctor will give recommendations on reducing the dose of medication consumed. Dosage of the drug should decrease gradually, without causing a strong sense of discomfort. Further, a specialist prescribes antidepressants that will support the patient's emotional state and will prevent the development of depression.

Neuroleptic is a medicament used to normalize a person's mental state. However, to avoid the development of side effects, be sure to follow the recommendations of a doctor and do not self-medicate. Be healthy!