Material science and technology of materials. Technology of structural materials

The specialty "Materials Science and Technology of Materials" is one of the most important disciplines for almost all students who study engineering. The creation of new developments that could compete in the international market can not be imagined and implemented without thorough knowledge of this subject.

The study of the assortment of various raw materials and their properties is carried out by a course in materials science. The various properties of the materials used predetermine the range of their application in engineering. The internal structure of a metal or a composite alloy directly affects the quality of the product.

Basic properties

Materials science and technology of structural materials mark the four most important characteristics of any metal or alloy. First of all, these are physical and mechanical features that allow to predict the operational and technological qualities of the future product. The main mechanical property here is strength - it directly affects the indestructibility of finished products under the influence of workloads. The doctrine of destruction and strength is one of the most important components of the basic course "Materials Science and Technology of Materials". This science is the theoretical basis for searching for the necessary structural alloys and components intended for the manufacture of parts with the necessary strength characteristics. Technological and operational features make it possible to predict the behavior of the finished product under working and extreme loads, to calculate the strength limits, and to estimate the longevity of the entire mechanism.

Basic Materials

During the last centuries the main material for the creation of machines and mechanisms is metal. Therefore, the discipline "Materials Science" pays great attention to metal science - the science of metals and their alloys. Soviet scientists made a great contribution to its development: Anosov PP, Kurnakov NS, Chernov DK and others.

Objectives of Material Science

Fundamentals of materials science are mandatory for study by future engineers. After all, the main purpose of incorporating this discipline into the training course is to teach students of technical specialties to make the right choice of material for the designed products in order to extend the period of their operation.

Achieving this goal will help future engineers solve the following problems:

• It is right to evaluate the technical properties of a material, analyzing the conditions for the manufacture of the product and the period of its operation.
• Have well-formed scientific ideas about the real possibilities of improving any properties of a metal or alloy by changing its structure.
• Be aware of all ways to harden materials that can ensure the durability and performance of tools and products.
• Have modern knowledge about the main groups of materials used, the properties of these groups and the field of application.

Required knowledge

The course "Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials" is intended for those students who already understand and can explain the significance of such characteristics as stress, load, plastic and elastic deformation, aggregate state of matter, atom-crystal structure of metals, types of chemical bonds, basic physical properties Metals. In the process of studying, students undergo basic training, which is useful for them to conquer profile disciplines. The older courses consider various production processes and technologies, in which material science and technology of materials play a significant role.

Who to work with?

Knowledge of the design features and technical characteristics of metals and alloys will be useful for a technologist, engineer or designer working in the field of operation of modern machines and mechanisms. Specialists in the field of technology of new materials can find their place of work in the machine-building, automotive, aviation, energy, and space fields. Recently, there has been a shortage of specialists with a diploma in "materials science and technology of materials" in the defense industry and in the development of communications equipment.

Development of Materials Science

As a separate discipline, materials science is an example of a typical applied science that explains the composition, structure and properties of various metals and their alloys under different conditions.

Ability to extract metal and produce various alloys the person acquired even during the decomposition of the primitive communal system. But as a separate science, materials science and technology of materials began to be studied just over 200 years ago. The beginning of the 18th century is the period of discoveries of the French scientist-encyclopedist Réaumur, who first tried to study the internal structure of metals. Similar studies were conducted by the English manufacturer Grignon, who in 1775 wrote a short report on the columnar structure he discovered, which is formed when the iron solidifies.

In the Russian Empire, the first scientific works in the field of metallurgy belonged to MV Lomonosov, who in his leadership tried to briefly explain the nature of various metallurgical processes.

A great leap forward metal science made in the early 19 th century, when new methods of researching various materials were developed. In 1831 the works of PP Anosov showed the possibility of investigating metals under a microscope. After that, several scientists from a number of countries have scientifically proved structural transformations in metals with their continuous cooling.

A century later, the era of optical microscopes ceased to exist. The technology of structural materials could not make new discoveries, using outdated methods. The optics was replaced by electronic equipment. Metal science began to resort to electronic methods of observation, in particular, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. With the help of these new technologies, it is possible to increase the sections of metals and alloys up to 1000 times, which means that there are much more grounds for scientific conclusions.

Theoretical information on the structure of materials

In the process of studying the discipline, students receive theoretical knowledge about the internal structure of metals and alloys. At the end of the course the following skills and habits should be obtained by the students:

• On the internal crystalline structure of metals ;
• About anisotropy and isotropy. What determines these properties, and how they can be influenced;
• On various defects in the structure of metals and alloys;
• On the methods of studying the internal structure of the material.

Practical classes in the discipline of materials science

The Department of Material Science is available in every technical college. During the course of the course, the student studies the following methods and technologies:

• The fundamentals of metallurgy are history and modern methods of obtaining alloys of metals. Production of steel and cast iron in modern blast furnaces. Casting of steel and cast iron, methods for improving the quality of products of metallurgical production. Classification and marking of steel, its technical and physical characteristics. Melting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys, production of aluminum, copper, titanium and other non-ferrous metals. Applied with this equipment.

• Fundamentals of materials science include the study of foundry , its current state, general technological schemes for obtaining castings.
• Theory of plastic deformation, what is the difference between cold and hot deformation, what is cold hardening, the essence of hot stamping, methods of cold stamping, the range of application of stamping materials.
• Forging: the essence of this process and the basic operations. What is rolling mill production and where it is applied, what equipment is required for rolling and drawing. How to get the finished products for these technologies, and where it is used.
• Welding production, its general characteristics and development prospects, the classification of welding methods for various materials. Physicochemical processes of welding seams.
• Composite materials. Plastics. Methods of obtaining, general characteristics. Methods of working with composite materials. Prospects of application.

Modern development of materials science

Recently, materials science has received a powerful impetus for development. The need for new materials made scientists think about obtaining pure and ultrapure metals, work is underway to create various raw materials according to the initially calculated characteristics. Modern technology of structural materials suggests the use of new substances in place of standard metal. More attention is paid to the use of plastics, ceramics, composite materials, which have strength parameters that are compatible with metal products, but lack their disadvantages.