Mongolia In Xiv V.

All nomads living in the territory of Otok were dependent people of its owner: in the Mongolian literature they are called "Albat" (letters, "taxable"). They were forbidden to move from one master to another.

The class of feudal lords consisted of nobility, higher officials and higher lamas in Buddhist monasteries. Each feudal lord was in the possession of either otoki, or some number of the albat on the lands of the otoks. The class of oppressed arats, kharachu (letters, "mob"), was introduced to the albat, shabinars (letters, "students under lama-teachers of Buddhist teachings" - euphemism, denoting arats-kharachu presented by feudal lords of higher degrees) and slaves (worshiper ).

The Albat were subjected to heavy exploitation by their master. The distribution of cattle by noyons to arats for grazing or their use in work directly in noyon farms was a common practice during this period. At the same time, the arats annually gave a certain number of sheep to the noyons for slaughter. In addition, Nyon collected horses, oxen, wagons from his albat and collected dairy products, milk vodka and felt during the organization of holidays or migrations.

The Arats carried the Yamskaya duty within the given principality, and were also obliged to march on a military expedition or go on a round-up hunt at the first call of the noyon. Mongolia In Xiv in ...

In the conditions of turmoil and turmoil resulting from the political fragmentation of the country, the noyonage needed more than ancestral religion - shamanism, ideological support. They found such a support in Buddhism. In the last quarter of the 16th and first half of the 17th century, Buddhism quickly spread among the Mongols and began to dislodge shamanism with the support of large feudal lords. During the XVII century. Dozens of monasteries with thousands of lamas appeared all over the country.

The apparatus of power was represented in the person of the hereditary owner of this tumen or otoka. The owner (ajen) himself created the court and the massacre; He also established requisitions and duties, commanded the army - the militia of possession. In his hands was the fullness of the military, administrative and judicial power.

After the expulsion from Beijing, the Great Khan Togon-Temur (1333-1370) and his successor Ayushiridar (1370-1378), retaining the name of the Yuan Empire, tried to collect forces and retain the remaining frontier territories of the empire behind them. But the Minsk army, who repeatedly made trips to Mongolia, defeated the troops of Ayushiridara in Inchan in 1370. The troops of the last Great Khan of the empire Togus-Temur (1378-1388) were defeated in 1388 by the 130,000-strong Minsk army.

Mongolia In the XIV century.