Local treatment facilities. Treatment facilities for a private house: reviews, prices

In accordance with existing standards in the modern country property should be present local treatment facilities. The building must necessarily be connected to either the main pipeline or have its own filtration system. Next, let's take a closer look at what constitutes a treatment plant for a private home and an industrial organization.

General information

If we talk about a comfortable mansion, then of course there must be hot and cold water. It is necessary for taking a bath or shower, washing, washing dishes, cleaning, watering. In this regard, sewage treatment facilities are an integral part of the engineering communications of the building. Their device is one of the most important cases in planning and construction. Of course, the best option would be to send sewage to the appropriate common highway. But it is not always possible to connect to it or it is completely absent. In some areas, owners build special cesspools. However, as practice shows, this option is extremely inconvenient. In addition, the pits are unsafe and very fetid. Today's realities dictate new standards for wastewater treatment.

Main characteristics

Local sewage treatment plants for wastewater are used for their filtration and removal from the structure. Liquid waste in a purified form fall into the environment: a river, a ditch, a soil and so on. Local treatment facilities, in essence, are:

• Individual. This means that the systems work directly for those objects for which they are designed.
• Gravitational. In other words, the systems operate on the principle of gravity flow of liquid waste. But some local treatment facilities are equipped with pumps.
• Biological and mechanical. This means that the local wastewater treatment plants work in a comprehensive manner. At the same time biological and mechanical methods of filtration and diversion are combined.
• Household and domestic. This characteristic suggests that the systems are designed exclusively for the filtration of liquid waste from personal subsidiary plots.

Of course, there are local treatment plants for enterprises. Systems used for industrial purposes have a complex design, since it is necessary to process sufficiently large amounts of waste.

Classification of waste

Household sewage is divided into two main types: black and gray. The latter include water used for washing, cleaning, washing or bathing. Black refers to liquid waste from the toilet. They make up about 30% of the total volume of wastewater. At the same time, they contain 90% of nitrogen, 50% of phosphorus and many fecal bacteria. All this must be filtered and neutralized. The sewage treatment facilities for the house should not receive storm and drainage flows. Otherwise, serious system disruptions are likely.

Principle of operation of plants

Local wastewater treatment plants for enterprises and households handle waste in two stages. The first one carries out preliminary filtration, the second one - the final filtration. The final stage is also called "post-cleaning". Let's consider both stages in more detail.

Prefiltration

It is carried out in a special tank. It is called a clarifier, or a septic tank. Particles that are present in the effluent accumulate at the bottom. Over time, this precipitate undergoes slow fermentation. In the process, some of the contaminants dissolve in water. The remaining volume accumulates on the bottom in the form of mineral insoluble substances. In a septic tank, foam or a film (usually from fats) is formed on the surface. To make the fermentation process more efficient, it takes at least three days. In this connection, a requirement is established for the size of the settling tanks, depending on the volume of effluents falling on the pre-treatment. In general, the septic's task is to separate the liquid from soluble components from insoluble fractions (in a different way - mechanical sludge), as well as decomposition of organic contaminants with the help of anaerobic bacteria, always present in the waste (biological process). As a result, after a preliminary filtration, settling of slurries and clarification of liquid waste occurs. At the outlet of the septic tank, the effluent is approximately 65% purified.

Second phase

Post-cleaning can occur in devices of various types. All these designs are designed to create optimal conditions (the main one being access to oxygen) for anaerobic bacteria, thanks to which the final filtration of waste resulting from the sedimentation tank is carried out. The longer the contact with O _{2 is} , the better will be the oxidation and subsequent decomposition of ammonia and organic nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites.

Biological neutralization systems

Sand and biological filters, ground drainage, absorbing well are used for post-treatment. Their principle of work is borrowed from nature. It is based on the natural ability of the soil to self-clean. Its essence consists in preliminary distribution of wastes with small volumes on the filter surface. There they begin to interact with anaerobic bacteria. Then, there is a gradual mechanical and biological purification, but without "oxygen starvation." When leaving the system, waste is filtered by 95%. This indicator corresponds to the established sanitary requirements. Then discharge of effluents into cuvettes, ditches and other is carried out.

General recommendations for choosing VOCs

Local treatment facilities have this or that performance. To determine the appropriate volume, it is necessary to multiply the consumption rate by the number of people living in the structure. For example, for Moscow region, this figure is from 680 to 1000 liters / day (based on four people). As it was said above, waste, getting into sewage treatment facilities, should be kept there for at least three days. As a result, the volume of the settler is about 2 m ³ . Then it is necessary to choose the right material from which the septic tank is made. This is important because, firstly, treatment facilities for a private house are buried in the ground. Consequently, septic tanks must withstand the movement and stress of the soil. Secondly, from inside it is affected by an aggressive environment, which can be compared with sea water in the power of destructive action. Thus, the materials from which sewage treatment plants are made must be strong and resistant to various negative factors, but at the same time they are light. Typically, for the manufacture of equipment used steel with protective coating, reinforced concrete and polyethylene. The first material is quickly covered with corrosion. Some consumers choose steel structures. But this material does not have resistance to aggressive media. In this regard, attention should be paid to the quality of the coating. In addition, steel tanks are quite impressive weight and for their transportation you need additional equipment. Reinforced concrete structures are hygroscopic. And, as the buyers themselves note, this is fraught with the penetration of groundwater, or, conversely, pollution by their waste. The most popular among consumers today is polyethylene. Buyers note its lightness, resistance to corrosion, durability. Polyethylene provides a reliable seal in the joints. The only thing that you need to pay attention to is the strength of the material.

Features of the site

When choosing a post-treatment system, special attention must be paid to the composition of the soil, the level of groundwater occurrence. Companies that are engaged in the installation of filtration systems, as a rule, offer a full range of works. It includes hydrogeological research, design, plant installation, diversion, as well as warranty and post-warranty maintenance of equipment. The cost of local treatment plants "turnkey" depends on the type of soil and the volume of reservoirs. The cost of commissioning works - from 7500 rubles., Installation of the installation - from 24,200 rubles.

Ground drainage

Many owners of suburban real estate choose this method of post-cleaning, considering it the simplest. As users themselves note, ground drainage gives an excellent filtration result. This method is used in areas with low groundwater and sandy soil. Ground drainage is an integral part of local treatment facilities. In it, through a system of pipes, waste is fed to the site of their subsequent filtration. There they are cleaned with rubble and sand in the presence of anaerobic bacteria. Only after this, the filtered effluent enters the ground. Among the shortcomings, consumers note the small capacity of the system and the need to ensure the receipt of small portions of waste. Otherwise, they will not have time to effectively defuse themselves. Therefore, the length of the drainage should be proportional to the permeability of the soil and the number of drains. Laying of the system is carried out to a depth of 0.5-0.8 m. This is due to the fact that below 1.2 meters there are no anaerobic bacteria. The width of the ditch under the pipe is 1 meter. For 1 person is taken about 12 meters (running) drainage (according to the standard). The total length of the system should not be more than 120 m. When building this system, there should be no trees along the pipe. This is due to the fact that their roots will interfere with the normal functioning of the drainage.

Absorbing well

This design is a ventilated device of small size. It is intended for cleaning small amounts of effluent in permeable soils. No drainage pipes are needed for this device. From the septic tank sinks go to a concrete well, which is loaded with gravel and sand. Then the wastes are filtered and through the holes in the walls go into the ground. As a rule, absorbing wells are popular with owners of small plots where it is not possible to equip drainage, or owners of buildings for 1-2 people.

Sand filter

It is designed for a sufficiently large load and may well become an alternative to ground drainage. The sand filter, according to many consumers, is the optimal solution in the area with complex hydro-geological conditions. The structure is a multilayer device. Inside, drainage pipes are installed in two floors. During the construction, remove the layer of soil, and instead lay gravel and sand. Wastes from the upper floor of the pipes pass the filter, and then, already cleaned, are removed through the drainage of the first level into the receiving well. The depth of the trench is at least two meters.

Biological filter

Many owners of suburban real estate consider this system universal. This is evidenced by numerous user reviews. A biological filter can be used not only with a high level of occurrence of clay soils and groundwater, but also with a small area of the site, when a drainage device is not possible. In the container comes the so-called "loading" - a porous and fairly light material. As a rule, pozzolan, expanded clay, coke is used. These materials are both a filter and an anaerobic microorganism. Pre-cleaned in a clarifier, the sewage is distributed over the surface and, filtering, comes to the bottom. Further, the liquid accumulates in the receiving well and is then discharged into the ditch.