List of fruits. Sweet fruits. Russian Fruits

The word "fruit" is not a botanical term. The people under it usually mean sweet edible fruits of trees and some shrubs.

What is a fruit?

In Latin, the fruit means the same as the fruit. And under this category are suitable and berries, and vegetables, and nuts, and cereals. Recently, berries have become considered an accessory of the fruit family, as both can be eaten raw, and vegetables often require heat treatment. There is another classification, under which as a fruit came pumpkin, pineapple, ginger, etc. These are the fruits from which you can prepare sweet, long-stored billets. This classification is common in Europe. And can it be attributed to fruits, for example, tomatoes, because from green tomatoes are cooked a very tasty jam? In some cases, the fruits of the plant are divided into sweet fruits and sour or edible and inedible. Thus, the division of vegetables, fruits and berries is very conditional. There are many other classifications accepted in different branches of science, industry and for other needs. For example, according to the structure of the fetus, they are divided into stone and pome fruits, by origin - to wild and cultivated or selection, hybrids. Even there is such - red fruit and green. The fact that the red pigment sometimes has an allergic reaction. This applies to strawberries, oranges, etc., so they are not recommended to eat in large numbers of pregnant women and young children. Lack of potassium and carotene, these categories can fill, for example, at the expense of apricots.

Apricot

Apricot and its wild variety, zherdel, grow in the south of Russia. Like many sweet fruits, apricots are suitable for jam, but because of the large amount of pectin they are quickly candied, so they often go for marmalade, pastille, jam, juice. Dried fruits with pits (apricots) and pitted (dried apricots) are steamed with boiling water and used as a filling for pies, and very dry ground into flour and added to the dough. Apricot juice, due to the high content of calcium and iron, is included in the list of fruits that are shown for feeding pregnant women and for complementary feeding to infants. A large amount of phosphorus and magnesium makes it indispensable for the normal operation of the brain. Potassium, contained in the pulp of apricots, works perfectly on the cardiovascular system, strengthening the myocardium.

Banana

Fresh apricot - an infrequent guest of store shelves, but he has a good alternative - a banana, a fruit that is on sale all the time. By all characteristics this is a real berry. In other cases, overseas bananas for the consumer are more accessible than domestic ones.

An interesting feature of this plant contributes to its spread through the carved places of the world. The fact is that bananas need to be harvested until they are ripe, that is, green and hard. If you leave them on the plant, they will lose useful properties and taste. Torn fruits, on the other hand, lie down, become sweeter and fuller in composition of useful micronutrients, and fresh starch of unripe fruits is transformed into easily digestible fruit sugar. A large amount of potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium and phosphorus makes bananas irreplaceable for baby food. This fruit will help out and in the event that the child had an allergy to gluten, contained in cereals. In the pulp of bananas, there is ephedrine, which slightly increases blood pressure, so it is shown to hypotonic patients.

Fruits of the Russian land

Russia is rich in plantations of wild fruit and berry plants. In the Far East, honeysuckle grows in this form, in the Kaliningrad region - sea-buckthorn, raspberries, blackberries and dog-rose, in Bashkiria and the Urals - apple, cherry, in Siberia - raspberries, currants, cowberries, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries. The list of fruits and berries is so great that it is not possible to list them all in one small article. Native Russian can be considered as apple tree, pear, cherry, innumerable kinds of berries. In addition to the above, it is - blackberries, blueberries, bones, prince, crawberry, cloudberry, viburnum, mountain ash, hawthorn, irga, elderberry, cherry, etc. This is not a complete list of fruits and berries that are found on the territory of our country.

Berries goji or dereza?

Recently, the fruit of the goji plant has been highly advertised as a slimming product. If you take a directory-classifier, which describes the description of fruits and berries, you can find out that this wonderful plant is familiar to every Russian and is very widespread throughout Russia, and we call him deregulation. This berry was not very popular with our ancestors, because it did not have an original taste and a notable aroma, such as raspberry, currant or strawberry. In addition, the appearance of edible derevo can easily be confused with a poisonous wolfberry. For losing weight, our grandmothers often used gooseberry.

Gooseberry

"Northern grapes," as Michurin's light hands began to call gooseberries, growing in every front garden and just on the streets, is not originally Russian. He was brought to us many centuries ago. In the annals of the times of Ivan III there is a mention of this shrub. The taste properties of berries have long been appreciated and used in cooking for compotes, jams, jam, marmalade, sauces, juices, wine, liqueurs and vinegar. Gooseberries are very useful from a medical point of view. Berries and decoction of leaves drank in tuberculosis, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of berries helped with skin inflammation. With diarrhea and diarrhea, gooseberries simply can not be replaced. His ability to adjust the chair, improve the overall metabolism, excrete waste and raise the tone has no analogues. It is difficult to find a more effective means to combat excess weight than gooseberries (in the summer - berries, in the winter - vinegar).

Drink from berries and fruits to improve metabolism

Long since, to improve the metabolism, natural fruit vinegar with honey is used. For weight loss, two tablespoons of vinegar with the same amount of honey diluted with a glass of warm water and drank on an empty stomach. A good home-made vinegar is a storehouse of vitamins and trace elements. Therefore it is quite fair that the enthusiasm for this product has recently been gaining momentum. Make vinegar is not difficult. For him, only tasty fruits or berries and a little sugar are needed. Ripening time is 2 weeks in the light and 40 days in a dark place. Vinegar can be further flavored with herbs and honey. 3-percent home-made vinegar is not only suitable as a vitamin and energy drink, but also for marinating meat and fish, for salad dressing, and it is also used for cosmetic purposes. A set of fruits from which vinegar is made will be incomplete without mentioning apples.

Apples

Early and late, giants and small rennets - these fruits are loved by all and have virtually no contraindications. They are used in dietary and therapeutic nutrition, they squeeze out juice, make compotes, jam, kissels, make sauces and vinegar. With anemia, glandular apples are eaten. In the flesh of the fruit sticks iron needles or nails, left for half a day, then the metal objects are removed. Now you can eat an apple. Oxidized sticks are used repeatedly, because each time the chemical reaction between acid and metal occurs faster and more intensively.

Unlike many other fruits, apples are in great demand not only for excellent culinary and medicinal qualities, but also for cheapness and accessibility. Apples on the expanses of Russia are always abundant. In other years, the yields exceed the capacity of processors, and apples disappear, but it's a pity. This gift of nature should be appreciated and used for health.

Fruit plants - guests of the Russian lands

Before the revolution of 1917 in the winter gardens of the Grand Dukes fruited orange and lemon trees, grew pineapples and palms. Growing tropical fruits in a greenhouse is not so difficult if you provide them with sufficient light, humidity and air temperature. However, as a rule, Berries and fruit from greenhouses do not have the same properties as their counterparts, grown in natural conditions. Agronomists have learned to zoner such varieties of plants that previously did not take root in our conditions. Breeders create new cultures, and they gradually become part of the Russian flora. Gardeners and truck farmers have long and successfully grown strawberries, physalis, chenomeles, mahonia, actinidia, schisandra and other plants on their sites, which are not quite traditional for our soils and climate. The process also goes in the opposite direction: in Europe, slowly, but truly, the Far Eastern honeysuckle is getting used to.

Honeysuckle

Honeysuckle, or Far Eastern cherry, is one of those fruits that are not harvested industrially, but it's a pity, because this berry has a delicate taste and a tender aroma reminiscent of blueberries. From honeysuckle you get amazing jam, juice and wine. The berries are dried, and in the winter they brew and drink as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory and multivitamin agent. Fresh, grown berries are applied to ulcers with eczema and other skin lesions. The unpretentious bush blooms the first of the fruit crops of the Russian latitudes. Fruits appear already in May - June, 1-2 weeks earlier than strawberries.

Traditional fruits for the New Year holiday

Smells of tangerines, chocolate and pine needles are the usual fragrances of the New Year. Even in the Soviet times, tangerines and chocolates were included in the New Year's children's gift set. Fruits in winter in free sale almost never happened, and the smell of tangerine, mixed with frosty air, acquired a special, forever remembered shade of the holiday. But dwarf trees with bright fruits and glossy wax leaves decorate our windowsills all year round. Among them - lemons, oranges, tangerines and other citrus fruits. The list would be incomplete without tiny kumquats and green limes. Thanks to a large amount of vitamin C, they are recommended to eat during the rehabilitation after illness and to improve immunity. If you eat citrus regularly, it will significantly lower the level of cholesterol in the blood and purify the lymph. In cooking, citrus fruits are used for jams, jams, marmalades, as well as sauces for seafood, fish and meat dishes. If there is an allergy to red fruits, then choose yellow-green grapefruit or pomelo.

Folk methods of harvesting and processing fruits

Even today, when there is almost no land left in Europe, cities are actively growing and industrial enterprises are being built, in Russia more than 20% of the territories are free and are thickets of wild plants. Until now, people go to the forest for useful fruits. From time immemorial in the summer and autumn our ancestors collected and harvested gifts of nature, such as berries, herbs, mushrooms, nuts, root vegetables and fruits. Russian people met the winter and long posts (Christmas and the Great) full bins. They knew how to preserve berries and fruits in a variety of ways. In the summer, apples, pears and other large and sweet fruits were picked. Fresh fruit was cut into thin plates, laid out on trays and covered with a thin cloth for protection from insects and dust. It was done on dry and hot days. So prepared and others Berries and fruits, for example, apricots, grapes, cherry, cherry, plum, dog rose, etc. In the novels of Russian writers, tinctures and liqueurs from cranberries, cherries, currants, mountain ash are often mentioned. Women cooked jam, jelly, marmalade, and not always on sugar, but often on honey, which has always been plenty. Of the green gooseberries stuffed with walnuts, they made an amazing treat. Gooseberries were soaked in vodka, stood the night in a glacier and cooked with cherry leaves. In some sweet preparations for a greater flavor, rare citrus fruits were found for that time. A list of ancient recipes for Russian cuisine would be incomplete without national seasonings for fish, meat and porridge. Ancestors were great masters in the part of inventing various sauces, that is sauces. For them, in autumn, certain types of fruit were wet and sour.

Wet fruit

Pouring, or, as it is also called, souring, is one of the most common ways of harvesting fruits in the old days. This was done with cranberries, cloudberries, cranberries, apples, pears, plums and watermelons. Pure, flawless fruit was laid in oak barrels, padded with straw, poured boiled water with salt and a small amount of sugar, malt or rye flour and a week was kept in a warm room for fermentation. At the end of this period, the barrels were transferred to a cold cellar. Further fermentation lasted about a month. After that, the product was ready for use. Washable apples are well preserved until the summer. They are extraordinarily tasty, however, only late, hard varieties such as Antonovka, anis, pepin saffron and some others are suitable for such processing. Oak barrels and straw remarkably enrich the aroma of the water. But if they are not available, then you can use enamel, glass or ceramic dishes. From the wet cowberry, delicious sauces are obtained for fatty meat dishes, duck and game. The berries are mixed with a small amount of rye flour (for density), boil with boiling water, salt and sugar are added to taste. Such scots have always been an indispensable component of Russian cuisine.

Watermelon

Is it possible to consider watermelon included in the list of fruits? There is no unified opinion on this matter, but to whatever category it belongs - fruits, vegetables or berries, watermelons are loved by everyone. Both adults and children are looking forward to the watermelon season. The African fruit has long been very well established not only in the south, but also in the central part of Russia, since for a full ripening it needs a dry and hot climate. In the watermelon season, people suffering from kidney stones, have a great opportunity to get rid of this problem. Juice of watermelon contains substances that promote the dissolution of stones, and its diuretic properties accelerate the excretion of salt. Folic acid is indispensable in the synthesis of proteins and promotes the renewal of blood. It is present in many vegetables, but it is always destroyed during heat treatment, therefore, in the season of watermelons it is not worth to miss the opportunity to improve your body.

The harsh nature of Russia every year gives us rich gifts. Many types of fruits and berries are well studied and actively used for food and medicinal purposes, but there are also those that we forgot, preferring synthetic vitamins and export exotics. This can not last forever. It is possible that we will someday return to tea from currants, raspberries and blackberries, beverages from viburnum and mountain ash, and a fat duck will be eaten with cranberry sauce or wet watermelons.