Injuries are ... Traumas, their consequences and treatment. Types of injuries

Every person experienced injuries in his life. They arise in a variety of situations and for a variety of reasons. It is about these problems that now I want to talk. So, the injuries. What is that? When and how they arise, what are and what kind of help should be given in the first place - read more about this.

Terminology

Initially, you need to understand the terminology that will be used in this article. Injuries are violations not only of integrity, but also of the functionality of organs and tissues that occur as a result of environmental factors. In parallel, we also need to understand what traumatism is. So, this is a certain number of injuries (their totality), which are repeated under the same circumstances in the same population groups for the same period of time. It is worth noting that it is a traumatism - a statistical indicator, which makes it possible to make a complete picture of this or that type of damage in certain population groups. I must say that these indicators are very important. After all, they provide an opportunity to analyze the epidemiology of various types of injuries, as well as to choose the necessary ways of prevention.

Mechanical Injuries

Having understood that injuries are problems that arise as a result of the action of environmental factors, it is also worthwhile to consider their different classification. Initially, we will talk about mechanical injuries. In this case, the mechanical force acts upon the human tissue , as a result of which certain damages arise. If we were talking about animals, a mechanical injury would be a wound from the harness, a bat, a chain (on which dogs are kept). In humans, such injuries are divided into several subspecies:

• Operational trauma . That is, received as a result of surgical intervention.
• Random . It can arise as a result of a person's fault (for example, a trauma from an offensive against a rake), and independently of him (falling a brick on his head).
• Generic , ie, obtained during the process of the appearance of the baby in the light.
• Military trauma. That is, the one that was obtained during military (combat) actions.

However, this is not the only classification of mechanical injuries. They are also subdivided into:

• Direct (arise in a certain place as a result of the application of traumatic mechanical force) and indirect (appear near the place of application of traumatic force (for example, dislocation of the shoulder joint as a result of a jump from height);
• Multiple and single;
• Closed (the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes in this case is not violated, it may be bruises, sprains, tears) and open (as a result, the mucous membranes, as well as the integrity of body tissues is disrupted, most often, dislocations and open fractures).

Damage caused by mechanical trauma

If a person is injured, it is necessary to understand what kind of person it is. Thus, as a result of mechanical injuries, the following damage can occur:

1. Abrasions . In this case, the integrity of the epidermis is violated (vascular or superficial layer suffers, lymphatic or blood vessels are damaged). It is also worth noting that the surface of the abrasion is always moist at first, then it is covered with a crust from the coagulated blood and plasma. This coarsening over time disappears, and in place of abrasions for some time can retain a special pigmentation of the skin (the color will be somewhat lighter than the usual skin). Completely heal abrasions about a week or two after they are received.
2. Bruising . They are formed on the site of mechanical damage as a result of rupture of blood vessels. So, the blood is seen through the top layer of the skin, so the color of such a trauma is visible in blue-red tones. Over time, the color palette bruise will change, which will indicate that it will soon disappear (from purple-blue to green-yellow). The time of full recovery depends on many factors and fluctuates among different people (factors that affect the speed of recovery: depth, magnitude and location of damage).
3. Dislocations . This is a different kind of displacement of bones in the joints (the so-called injuries of the joints). Appear mainly in the upper limbs, very rarely in the lower extremities. May be accompanied by tissue ruptures. Eliminated by experienced doctors.
4. Fractures of bones. This is a violation of the integrity of the bones of the entire human skeleton. Often accompanied by damage to nearby tissues, vascular and muscle ruptures, as well as various hemorrhages. Fractures are closed (occur inside soft tissues) and open (there is a rupture of the skin, resulting in a broken bone communicates with the external environment).
5. Wounds .

More information about wounds

In this case, the integrity of the tissue, mucous membrane is damaged. Wounds often penetrate deeply buried tissues. It is important to note that this kind of traumatization can be dangerous for a person for the following reasons: bleeding may occur; Through the breaks of tissue, infection can seep; There is a risk of violation not only of integrity, but also of the functionality of internal organs.

There is a classification of wounds, which are subdivided depending on the conditions of occurrence:

• Cut . Occur as a result of the impact of an acute sliding object (most often a knife).
• Crushed . Apply an object that has a small cross-section.
• Koloto-cut.
• Ragged . Occur due to overstretch of tissues.
• Bitten , which arise from the impact of teeth on human tissue.
• Chopped . They are applied by a heavy sharp object (most often it is an ax).
• Razmozhennye . In this case, not just a break occurs, but also the crushing of tissues.
• Bruised . Appear as a result of a blow from a blunt object (or from a blow to a blunt object).
• Gunshot . Arise as a result of the work of firearms or the wounds of explosive munitions.
• Scalped wounds are those that result in the separation of the skin area.
• Poisoned . Occur if a wound gets into the wound as a result of a trauma or a bite.

Other types of injuries

So, injuries are damage to body tissues, as well as to certain organs. In addition to mechanical, the following types are also distinguished:

1. Thermal trauma. Occur due to the action on the body of high or low temperature. Damage that can occur as a result of thermal injury: burns (caused by too high temperatures) and frostbite (the body in this case is affected by low temperatures). It is worth noting that the second type of injury - frostbite is the greatest danger. And all because they have a so-called "hidden period", when the body's signals about the problems are too weak and even almost invisible.
2. Electrical injury. In this case, lightning or a technical electric current passes through the human body. As a result, heat energy is generated, which causes damage, most often it is burns.
3. Chemical traumas can be obtained as a result of exposure to the body of acids, alkali, heavy metal salts, etc. It is important to note that certain chemicals can cause local lesions, while others penetrate deeply into the body, causing more serious harm.
4. Radiation injury. It arises as a result of the action of ionizing radiation on the body or, more simply, radiation.
5. Biological trauma can inflict various infections, viruses, bacteria, as well as poisons, toxins and allergens.
6. Mental traumas. This is a special kind of this problem. And all because it is extremely difficult to classify such a trauma. It usually occurs as a result of hard feelings. It leads to various painful reactions on the part of the vegetative and psychic spheres (these can be simple neuroses or depressive states).

Classification of injuries by severity

Various types of medical injuries are also distinguished by severity. According to this criterion, there are:

• Severe injury. In this case, the deterioration of health is sharp, significant. The disability is violated for a period of a month or more.
• Injuries of moderate severity. Changes in the body are pronounced. A person with a disability is considered to be from 10 to 30 days.
• Light injuries. The disorders occurring in the body are considered insignificant. Loss of workability does not arise.
• Acute trauma. Occur as a result of the action of this or that traumatic factor.
• Chronic injuries. They arise as a result of exposure to the same place on the body of the same traumatic factor.
• Microtrauma . In this case, tissue cells are injured.

Classification according to environmental factors

There are also traumas depending on environmental factors. In this case, it is customary to talk about the following types:

1. Industrial injuries. That is, those that arise in factories, factories.
2. Military trauma - can be obtained as a result of military operations.
3. Agricultural injuries are received on fields, farmyards, etc.
4. Household trauma can be obtained in a domestic setting.
5. Transport injuries are caused by vehicles.
6. Sports injuries are obtained as a result of sports (both professional and ordinary).
7. Children can be injured in a person who has not reached the age of 14 years.

First aid

Immediately after such an event as getting an injury, the victim in the very near future should provide all possible assistance. It, of course, will vary depending on various factors. However, it should be noted that in most cases, after any injury, it is best to ask for a doctor's help: go to the nearest medical institution. Or, if necessary, call an ambulance. After all, only a qualified specialist can cope with problems of varying severity.

What to do in this or that case

As already mentioned above, assistance with injuries will be significantly different. However, in any case, a person should know what actions he should apply first.

• Sprain. Guess that this person has this problem, you can by pain. Also, swelling or blueing can occur at the site of injury. At palpation the area of stretching hurts even more. In this case, a bandage should be applied to the injured area, which will limit movement. On top of the ice. The very area of injury should be placed slightly above the level of the head (in this case, you can reduce swelling and blueness).
• About the dislocation "will tell" the unnatural position of the limb. And, of course, the victim will experience quite a strong pain. So, you need to fix the dislocated limb in the most convenient position, apply ice and go to the doctor. Attention: it is strictly prohibited to dislodge the dislocation independently!
• With bruises, you can apply only a cold compress. Rarely you may need a fixative bandage.
• Fracture . To understand that a person has a fracture, one can only look through an X-ray. So if there is a suspicion of this problem, you should immediately go to the doctor. Preliminarily it is necessary to fix the limb, maximally immobilizing it. You can also apply ice.
• Wounds . First they must be washed. For this purpose, warm running water or, better, "Hydrogen Peroxide" is useful. In case of bleeding, it must be stopped. The edges of the wound can be smeared with iodine. After all this, you can apply a clean dry bandage.
• With frostbite it is necessary to cope with dry heat. Also it is worth remembering that you need to touch as little as possible the skin on the damaged parts of the body.
• With burns, it is necessary to cool the affected part of the body under running cool water. The optimal cooling time is 15-20 minutes. If more than 20% of body parts are affected, wrap the victim in a clean, soaked in cool water, sheet. It is necessary to give an anesthetic. Then we must immediately call the ambulance.
• At an impact by a current at first the person should be released from action of this. So, you can turn off the switch or "tear off" the victim with a board or a stick. In no case should you touch a person who is still affected by the current, because both will suffer, including the rescuer! After injury, the victim should be laid, covered, give a warm drink. If there is no consciousness, it is necessary to give sniffs of ammonia. If there is no heartbeat, you will need a heart massage and applying mouth-to-mouth respiration.

Treatment

It is important to note that the treatment of injuries can also be very diverse. It will vary depending on the damage itself. In rare cases, you can provide yourself with all possible assistance. In most cases, the treatment should only be prescribed by a doctor. For example, a brain injury is treated for a very long time. At the same time, the costs will be very serious. At usual bruises quite often even there is no necessity to address for a doctor's help. And to get rid of them does not require any material costs.

Effects

What are the consequences of injuries? There is also no unambiguous answer. It all depends on what kind of damage the person received. So, if there was a normal bruise or bruise, after a certain time about it, there will not even be an external reminder. If there is a fracture, the consequences will be. They may not be visible from the outside. But just stay inside. Moreover, in this case the broken parts of the body often remind me of myself. This is said: "twists" on the weather. The most serious are the consequences of radiation injuries.