Geodesy - what kind of science is it? Geodesy and cartography

There are many sciences in the world. One of them is geodesy. What is this science? What is she studying? Where can she learn? The answers to these and other questions you will find in this article.

Geodesy - what is it?

Like astronomy, geodesy is one of the oldest sciences. However, if every schoolboy knows about astronomy, then most people have never heard of such a science as geodesy. And at the same time, without the use of geodetic knowledge, the development of modern society is unthinkable.

Geodesy - what is it? What is this science? To put it briefly, this is the science of studying and measuring the Earth's surface.

Geodesy is the science of how to make measurements on the surface of the earth, which are conducted to study the shapes and sizes of the Earth, as well as to depict the entire planet and its parts on plans and maps. In addition, geodesy deals with methods of special measurements that are necessary to solve economic and engineering problems.

Geodesy Industries

Geodesy - what is it? It is a science that is dynamically developing. So, in the development of science and technology, it was divided into a number of disciplines.

Higher geodesy studies the size and shape of the Earth, as well as methods by which it is possible to accurately determine the coordinates of points on the surface of the planet and depict them on a plane.

By studying the dimensions and shapes of the earth's surface with the purpose of depicting it on maps, profiles and plans, the geodesy-topography section is engaged.

Geodesy and cartography study the processes and methods of creating and using a variety of maps.

Photogrammetry is engaged in solving measurement problems for space and aerial photographs for various purposes, for example for measuring buildings and buildings, for obtaining plans and maps, and so on.

Applied, or engineering, geodesy studies a whole complex of geodetic works that are performed in the construction, exploration and operation of a variety of structures and buildings.

The geometric relationship between the points of the earth's surface with the help of artificial satellites is studied by cosmic geodesy. Now, in connection with the fact that new achievements in the field of measurement and observation techniques have appeared, the number of studies on the Earth has also added problems of solving scientific problems in studying the size and shape of the Moon, as well as other planets of the solar system and their gravity fields.

Marine geodesy and cartography are engaged in solving both scientific and applied geodetic tasks at sea. The main task was and remains to determine the surface of the Earth and its gravitational field in the seas and oceans. Marine geodesy solves the following series of tasks: the construction of hydraulic structures, the exploitation and exploration of underwater resources and so on. However, the most important task of such support is mapping, which is accompanied by photography, and geodetic reference.

Development of geodesy as a science

Geodesy, like many other sciences, originated in ancient times. Progress in the exact and natural sciences, the invention of a telescope, a pendulum and other instruments - all this contributed to its development.

However, it should be noted that over the past half century this science has achieved greater success than it has ever been. This is due, for example, to the fact that engineering geodesy can now get data from artificial satellites, and also with the fact that a lot of electronic measuring instruments and electronic computers have appeared.

Modern computer allows you to analyze a huge amount of information data, apply new mathematical developments, which gave a new impetus to the development of theoretical geodesy, going in parallel with the progress of information theory and mathematics.

Applied geodesy: aspects

Geodetic data are used in various areas, such as navigation, mapping and land use. What do they let you know? For example, to determine the location of drilling platforms on the shelf, the flood zone after the construction of the dam, the exact position of administrative and state borders of all kinds and so on. Strategic guidance systems and navigation are equally dependent on how accurate the information about the position of the target and the adequacy of physical models that describe the Earth's gravitational field. Measurements obtained by surveyors are used in the study of plate tectonics and seismology. When searching for many minerals (including oil) gravimetric survey is used.

Where can I get a job as a surveyor?

Today in Russia there is a large number of educational institutions that will make it possible to obtain a profession of a surveyor. In the field of this science, at a different level of mastering this rather complex specialty, an expert who has graduated as a secondary school - college or college of geodesy - and a higher education - academy, institute or university, can work.

Education in this area can be chosen according to your taste. A future specialist can graduate from a specialized university or institute of geodesy. For example, MIIGAiK is one of the oldest and most prestigious specialized universities in Russia. Or you can get a secondary education: go to study at the St. Petersburg or Novosibirsk technical school of geodesy and cartography.

After graduating from a secondary special educational institution with a degree in geodesic, a graduate can count on the position of assistant surveyor or surveyor. In addition, if desired, he can continue to improve his knowledge in this area by enrolling in a higher education institution.

Graduation of the university gives the graduate the right to independent work, and the completion of the graduate school allows you to further advance in your career in a scientific and practical direction.

What does the surveyor do?

Among the variety of activities can be identified the following areas:

• The surveyor can monitor and measure changes in the earth's surface both locally and globally.
• Perform various measurements of the landscape.
• Make topographic plans and maps.
• To create water, forest, land and other types of cadastres.
• Engage in the definition and designation of state borders.
• To prepare reports on the conducted researches.

What should I take to go to the surveyor?

A schoolboy who is going to devote himself to geodesy in the future, it is necessary to know as much as possible some general educational subjects, for example mathematics, geography, Russian language, history, social science, as well as computer science and information and communication technologies. As a rule, it is these disciplines that are passed at the entrance examinations in secondary and higher educational institutions in geodesic specialties.

When applying for a specialty related to geodesy, usually three or six of the above items are rented, but what exactly these items will be depends on the educational institution, the faculty and the type of specialty.

To take examinations can, by results of GIA or EGE, or to conduct testing for applicants in all subjects, except history and social studies - they are taken orally.

Some colleges and technical schools do not require the passing of entrance exams. An example is the Novosibirsk Technical College of Geodesy and Cartography, or NTGiK. In this educational institution specialists are trained in the following specialties: applied geodesy (geodesist-technician), cartography (technician-cartographer) and aerial photogeodesy (aerial photo-geodesist-technician).

The demand for a profession in the labor market

Specialists in the field of geodesy and cartography are often required in a variety of types of production. Therefore, in the university and secondary specialized training of these specialists, there are different deviations, which in future will determine the practical orientation of the work of the surveyor. In addition, this is also influenced by traditions that historically evolved within the walls of the school.

Not surprisingly, existing universities prepare students in different ways. In any educational institution there is a specificity of selection of already available directions on a specialty. However, any higher educational institution, technical school or college will give a fundamental preparation, which in future will make it possible to change the direction of work, to re-qualify and switch to an adjacent specialization.

Thus, it can be concluded that geodesy today is one of the most interesting and developing sciences. Each specialist will be able to find himself in it.