Fruits are single-seeded and multi-seeded. One-seed is the fruit of what?

Most of all in his economic activities, people use the fruits of plants. Juicy peaches, aromatic strawberries, ripe tomatoes, exotic avocados - everyone can choose a treat to taste. But despite the amazing diversity of species, all fruits have common features of the structure. Let us consider them in more detail.

What is the fruit?

The fruit is a modified flower. It appears after the processes of pollination and fertilization. Fruits are formed only as a result of flowering of the flower. Therefore, they can only boast of flowering (angiosperms) representatives of the plant kingdom. Neither the higher spores, nor the gymnosperms do not bloom, and consequently they do not form fruits.

There is a legend that a person who has found a flower of a fern is endowed with magical properties. But scientists have long established that spore plants do not form flowers.

The second misconception is that cones are the fruits of conifers. Botany refutes this assumption. Gymnosperm conifers do not bloom, and therefore can not form fruit. The cones of spruce and pine are just a modification of the shoot. And the small "berries" of juniper scientists call shishkoyagodami and also considered a modification of the escape.

Structure

Most often, a large part of the fetus is occupied by the pericarp surrounding the seed. Its second name is pericarp, which in Greek means "around the fruit." This structure in all plants consists of three parts: external, middle and inner. The outer layer serves to protect against mechanical damage. Therefore, it is either leathery or very durable. To attract animals, through which the seeds spread, this layer is often brightly colored. In the middle layer there is a supply of water with nutrients necessary for the protection and development of the seed. The inner layer additionally protects the seed. For example, the plum has a leathery outer layer, a fleshy middle layer. And the inner is represented by a bone. In the case of an apple, the structure of the outer layers is similar, and inside there are membranous cells in which the seeds are located.

Obtained pericarp mainly due to the walls of the ovary (cherry, plum). Sometimes other parts of the flower take part in its formation: the receptacle, the bases of stamens, sepals, petals.

Inside the pericarp, there is a seed that develops after fertilization from the ovule.

The pericarp protects the seed from unfavorable conditions, protecting against mechanical damage and temperature drop. It is through the presence of fruits that flowering plants occupy a dominant position in the plant world. After all, their seeds are reliably protected from cold and serve as a source of nutrition during the formation of the sprout. This gives them a significant advantage over spore and gymnosperms, the spores and seeds of which are not protected.

Classification

At the basis of the classification of fruits, scientists-taxonomists put several signs at once. According to the structure of the pericarp, they are dry and juicy.

A lignified or leathery pericarp of dry fruits contains a small amount of water. But juicy, on the contrary, it is fleshy and contains many nutrients.

In terms of the number of seeds, single-seed and multi-seed fruits are isolated. Distinguishing them is very simple. One-seeded is a single-seeded fruit, for example plum or cherry. Peas, sunflowers, poppies form multi-seeded fruits. As the name implies, they contain many seeds.

One simple fruit is formed from a flower with one pestle. If there are several pistils in the flower, an appropriate number of small fruiting forms is formed. Together they form a complex or prefabricated, for example raspberries or blackberries.

Another variety is the fertilization. What are they? They are formed by the fusion of individual fruits. In nature, they can be found in mulberry or pineapple.

Single-seeded fruit

Fruits with one seed can be both succulent and dry. Single-seeded dry fruits are widely distributed in nature. They are of great economic importance. So, coffee - the fruit of the coffee tree - is used to make a fragrant hot drink. The fruits of oak acorns are rich in starch. They are used as animal feed. One-seeded is the almond fruit - an aromatic nut with valuable taste qualities.

Juicy single-seeded fruits serve as a favorite treat for animals and humans. Cherry, cherry, peach, apricot, plum - juicy and sweet taste to everyone.

Single-seed dried fruit

In cereal plants, the pericarp is closely intergrown with the seed coat. Therefore, a seed is often called a seed. Examples of such plants are oats, rye, wheat, corn, feather grass.

Seed from the grain is distinguished by the fact that its pericarp does not fuse with the seed coat. Such fruits in asters, chrysanthemums and sunflowers.

To find out which fruit is one-seeded, you can get acquainted with the structure of the lionfish. Her pericarp extends into the lobe and spreads the seeds of ash, birch, linden and elm with the help of the wind, like a wing.

One-seeded is the fruit of the nut. He has a lignified pericarp. No wonder some people are compared to him, calling him a tough nut.

Single-seed juicy fruit

With the structure of succulent fruits can be found on the example of a bone, in which all three layers are clearly distinguished. It has a leathery exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp and a woody endocarp, forming a bone. Juicy single-seeded fruit of the bone in the bones contains the seed.

Despite a clear uniform structure, they differ from one another in certain features. This is the color of the outer skin layer, the size of the fetus and its shape. Valuable nutritional qualities are due to the presence of the average fleshy layer.

A bone protecting the seed is also called an in-plant. Each of them has its own unique pattern. For example, the bones of cherries and apricots are smooth, the peach is cut with deep furrows, and the plums seem to be rough.

One-seeded is the fruit of both raspberry and mulberry. Although outwardly they look like a single fruit, in fact they are small stems, connected with each other, - copulation.

The morphological structure of the stone is a sign that determines the species belonging to the plant. The type of the fruit is all the representatives of the Rosaceae family.

Dry multifamous fruits

Single-seed fruits, examples of which have already been cited, are less common in nature than their many-sibling relatives. After all, if there are many seeds, the plant has more chances to germinate and survive.

Dry fruits can be opened and not opened. The first group includes a bean that opens on both sides, and seeds in it are attached to the leaflets (peas, beans, alfalfa, clover).

The pod, which looks like a bean, has a septum in the middle of the fruit, to which seeds are attached. A pod is a type of pod, which differs only in size. The fruit of the pod has cabbage, mustard, rape, matthiol, and the pod - shepherd's bag, yarutka, klopovnik, etc.

The capsule opens in different ways: in poppy and hohlatka - with denticles at the top, in bleached and plantain - with the help of a lid, cracking - in geraniums and violets.

Leaflet is a dry multi-seed fetus opening on one side. It can be found in the abdomen and caluzhnitsa.

An interesting plant is peanuts. Flowers and fruits he forms under the ground. For this it is called peanut.

Juicy multi-seed fruit

Fruits of this type also have valuable taste properties and are of great economic importance. Everyone knows delicious berries of currants, blueberries, gooseberries. Their outer layer is leathery, like a drupe, and the other two are juicy.

By these signs, the fruit is a fruit of tomato - everyone's favorite tomato - and potatoes. Potato fruits are inedible and even poisonous, because they contain an alkaloid solanine. This substance can cause serious poisoning of the body.

The fruit of strawberry is represented by a grown flower head, into the flesh of which are plunged small nuts - seeds of strawberries or strawberries.

The apple grows not only on apple trees. This type of fetus has a leathery outer and fleshy middle layer. And the inner is represented by film chambers, which reliably protect the seeds. Such fruits have pear, quince, ashberry.

As you can see, the fruits are diverse in structure and in different characteristics. They are used for breeding valuable plants, spreading and protecting seeds. And thanks to the availability of nutrients and pleasant taste qualities are a valuable food product for animals and humans.