Emergency: the definition. Emergency situation: nature, consequences, warning

In the modern world, a person is subject to a number of dangers. However, the greatest threat is the so-called emergency situation. An emergency is a special situation that arises from many factors and causes significant damage to people and the environment. These are, for example, accidents, disasters or natural disasters. Emergency situations are usually characterized by damage to health and life, violation of the natural environment, significant material losses, and violations of normal living conditions.

Features of emergency situations

From all the above, it follows that the definition in question (emergency situation) in the majority of developed countries has traditionally been considered the cause of increased hazards in both the natural and man-made sectors. The latter, in turn, lead to significant changes not only in the economy of the state, but also in the political direction. For the last ten years on the whole surface of our planet there are all sorts of natural disasters and man-made disasters caused by the action of anthropogenic factors. In connection with this, humanity suffers (hundreds or even thousands of people may die at a time), as well as significant, sometimes irreparable, damage to the environment. It is important to remember that the harm caused by natural emergencies is measured by the nature and extent of the consequences.

Damage Categories

According to the current legislation, the term "emergency situation" implies a particularly complex situation that was formed in this part of the territory as a result of a certain harmful event. As it was mentioned before, the damage caused is usually evaluated depending on the severity of the consequences. In turn, the main components of the term in question are losses and damage. What are the differences between these two categories, so similar at first sight?

Losses

From all of the above, it can be concluded that natural emergencies pose a serious threat to the normal life of people. In turn, the term "loss" implies all kinds of injuries, illnesses and injuries of people of different severity (up to deprivation of life), received as a result of emergency situations. Such consequences of emergencies are not uncommon. Annually only in the territory of the Russian Federation, in all sorts of catastrophes, about fifty thousand people die, and about 250,000 people are injured.

Damage

The definition of "emergency" also includes the above concept. It expresses both financial and material damage, which is caused as a result of complex and dangerous situations. Such consequences of emergencies are divided into two main groups.

Direct damage

As a rule, it includes any damaging effects that can lead to damage and destruction of various objects of social or economic importance. In addition, this aspect, which includes the definition of "emergency", also includes various types of damage to the natural environment, as well as available resources.

Indirect damage

In turn, this category is characterized by a suspension of the normal operation of economic activities and the so-called loss of profits. In addition, the costs of eliminating directly the most dangerous situation, as well as its possible long-term consequences, are included in this category. In connection with the above-described circumstance, the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations have now acquired a nationally significant character. It is the presence of hazards - both natural and man-made bias - that are the subject of the above-described activities. Let us consider them in some detail.

Classification of emergencies

As already mentioned, the nature of emergencies can be different. For example, ecological, technogenic, natural and so on. Nevertheless, all of them are classified according to certain characteristics that characterize the phenomena under consideration from all sorts of aspects.

General separation

The main classification distinguishes the categories described above depending on the types of underlying causes. Here, the sources of emergencies are traditionally taken into account, as well as the most important indicators of their occurrence. Often at this stage, in addition to the main features, factors and types of belonging, scale and causality are considered. Nevertheless, in contrast to all the above, it should be noted that when they speak of the classification of such emergencies, as well as of its main directions, it should be remembered that the dangerous situations under consideration are characterized by their diversity and uniqueness. Thus, this circumstance can be considered one of the most important features of ES. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the development of each emergency can be conditionally divided into a certain number of stages.

Stages of development

In the modern world, the definition of "emergency" implies several basic stages. Let's consider each in more detail. The preliminary stage is the formation and development of one of the types of disasters (man-made, environmental, and so on). At the same stage, there is an accumulation of all possible deviations from normal processes. In turn, the first stage is characterized by the initiation of an emergency situation, as well as the subsequent expansion of this process. Such a stage differs from the others in that it starts a negative impact on people and their life activities. In particular, such processes often involve objects of the economy, the infrastructure present, as well as the natural environment. The second stage is determined by the liquidation of an emergency situation. Among other things, the elimination of the identified consequences of a disaster (ecological, technogenic or natural) begins. In some cases, the beginning of the stage under consideration can take a count during the first one. But its ending is marked, as a rule, by the transition of the affected economic and social structures, as well as the population into the everyday and so-called normal mode of life. Thus, the third stage is traditionally attributed to the elimination of the remaining long-term consequences. A characteristic feature of this stage is the fact that it takes place only if it becomes necessary to completely eliminate the results of emergent emergencies. At the same time, the efforts expended are considered to be sufficiently significant and, most importantly, lengthy in time. Thus, the work done can be considered an integral part of the socio-economic activities that are carried out to ensure the stability and further development of the affected region.

Protection in emergency situations

This term is a collection of different activities that are interrelated in time, place and resources used. The main objective of such actions is to reduce, as well as completely prevent, losses among the population and to eliminate as much as possible the threat to health and normal vital activity of each individual member. It should be remembered that protection is not only from the effects of direct sources, but also from the attendant damaging factors. In turn, the need for preparation and implementation of the activities under consideration, which are included in the category of "emergency situations: OBJ" protection, is conditioned, on the one hand, by the right to protection of life and interests, which is granted according to the current legislation, and on the other hand - Affected by disaster or catastrophe. Thus, the measures described above are an important part of preventing and eliminating dangerous environments, which means that they can be carried out both at the preventive and operational levels, depending on the nature of the possible threat.

Stages of preparation

Measures to protect the population during emergencies are traditionally conducted according to the production-territorial principle. Thus, they can differ depending on the possible types of hazards. Currently, explanatory conversations and introduction of simulated environments in the conditions of enterprises or organizations are actively used. Thanks to such activities, people can go through all the proper training, and without interrupting their main work.

The main complex

As a rule, all training measures can traditionally be divided into several stages or categories. All of them together constitute the set of protective measures adopted by the current legislation for the protection of the population. Among such groups traditionally include:

1. Notify people of impending danger. In addition, periodic information should be provided on the development and options for dealing with emergencies.
2. Evacuation from dangerous regions.
3. Possibilities of engineering protection of the population.
4. Chemical and radiation safety.
5. Measures for medical care of citizens.